Institute of Statistics and Demography, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 19;18(18):9875. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189875.
This paper examines the impact of retirement on people's subjective quality of life, as expressed by their levels of happiness and loneliness, in Poland. We analysed five waves of the Social Diagnosis panel survey conducted between 2007 and 2015. To account for unobserved individual heterogeneity, we employed fixed effects ordered logit models and fixed effect logistic models for the panel data. We found that the respondents' happiness levels did not change after they retired, and that the introduction of interactions between retirement and employment did not alter these findings. However, the results of the loneliness model showed that the probability of being lonely increased among males after retirement. Second, the outcomes of interactions between retirement and employment suggested that not working after retirement increased the likelihood of being lonely among men, whereas engaging in bridge employment decreased the chances of being lonely among men. These findings may indicate that combining retirement with employment may be a source of social interaction, which can provide protection against loneliness, and which may, in turn, be positively related to other factors (i.e., subjective quality of life, health status, and mortality).
本文考察了退休对波兰人主观生活质量（幸福感和孤独感）的影响。我们分析了 2007 年至 2015 年间进行的五次社会诊断面板调查。为了考虑未观察到的个体异质性，我们对面板数据使用了固定效应有序逻辑模型和固定效应逻辑模型。我们发现，受访者退休后幸福感水平没有变化，退休与就业之间引入交互作用也没有改变这些发现。然而，孤独感模型的结果表明，退休后男性感到孤独的概率增加。其次，退休与就业之间交互作用的结果表明，退休后不工作会增加男性感到孤独的可能性，而从事兼职工作则会降低男性感到孤独的可能性。这些发现可能表明，将退休与就业相结合可能是一种社交互动的来源，可以提供对孤独感的保护，而这种保护反过来又可能与其他因素（即主观生活质量、健康状况和死亡率）呈正相关。
