Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy.
Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 18;22(18):10086. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810086.
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in plasma, contributing actively to oncotic pressure maintenance and fluid distribution between body compartments. HSA acts as the main carrier of fatty acids, recognizes metal ions, affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs, provides the metabolic modification of some ligands, renders potential toxins harmless, accounts for most of the anti-oxidant capacity of human plasma, and displays esterase, enolase, glucuronidase, and peroxidase (pseudo)-enzymatic activities. HSA-based catalysis is physiologically relevant, affecting the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds including proteins, lipids, cholesterol, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and drugs. Catalytic properties of HSA are modulated by allosteric effectors, competitive inhibitors, chemical modifications, pathological conditions, and aging. HSA displays anti-oxidant properties and is critical for plasma detoxification from toxic agents and for pro-drugs activation. The enzymatic properties of HSA can be also exploited by chemical industries as a scaffold to produce libraries of catalysts with improved proficiency and stereoselectivity for water decontamination from poisonous agents and environmental contaminants, in the so called "green chemistry" field. Here, an overview of the intrinsic and metal dependent (pseudo-)enzymatic properties of HSA is reported to highlight the roles played by this multifaced protein.
人血清白蛋白（HSA）是血浆中最丰富的蛋白质，积极参与维持胶体渗透压和体液在身体各腔室之间的分布。HSA 作为脂肪酸的主要载体，识别金属离子，影响许多药物的药代动力学，提供一些配体的代谢修饰，使潜在的毒素无害，占人血浆抗氧化能力的大部分，并显示酯酶、烯醇酶、葡萄糖醛酸酶和过氧化物酶（伪）酶活性。基于 HSA 的催化作用与生理相关，影响包括蛋白质、脂质、胆固醇、活性氧（ROS）和药物在内的内源性和外源性化合物的代谢。HSA 的催化特性受变构效应物、竞争性抑制剂、化学修饰、病理条件和衰老的调节。HSA 具有抗氧化特性，对于从有毒物质中清除血浆和激活前药至关重要。HSA 的酶特性也可以被化学工业利用，作为一个支架来生产催化剂库，以提高水净化的效率和立体选择性，用于从有毒物质和环境污染物中去除水，这就是所谓的“绿色化学”领域。本文综述了 HSA 的内在和金属依赖性（伪）酶特性，以强调这种多功能蛋白质所发挥的作用。
