Department of Humanities, Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics group (CaSEs), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
Centro de Arqueologia (UNIARQ), Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
J R Soc Interface. 2021 Oct;18(183):20210499. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0499. Epub 2021 Oct 6.
The expansion of forest farmers across tropical lowland South America during the Late Holocene has long been connected to climate change. The more humid conditions established during the Late Holocene are assumed to have driven the expansion of forests, which would have facilitated the dispersal of cultures that practised agroforestry. The Tupi, a language family of widespread distribution in South America, occupies a central place in the debate. Not only are they one of the largest families in the continent, but their expansion from an Amazonian homeland has long been hypothesized to have followed forested environments wherever they settled. Here, we assess that hypothesis using a simulation approach. We employ equation-based and cellular automaton models, simulating demic-diffusion processes under two different scenarios: a null model in which all land cells can be equally settled, and an alternative model in which non-forested cells cannot be settled or delay the expansion. We show that including land cover as a constraint to movement results in a better approximation of the Tupi expansion as reconstructed by archaeology and linguistics.
整个全新世晚期，热带低地南美洲的森林农民不断扩张，长期以来一直与气候变化有关。全新世晚期建立的更湿润的条件据推测推动了森林的扩张，这将有利于从事农林复合经营的文化的传播。图皮语，一种在南美洲广泛分布的语言家族，在这场争论中占据中心位置。他们不仅是该大陆最大的家族之一，而且他们从亚马逊家乡的扩张长期以来一直被假设为无论在哪里定居，都会跟随森林环境。在这里，我们使用模拟方法评估该假设。我们使用基于方程和元胞自动机模型，在两种不同情况下模拟人群扩散过程：一种是所有陆地单元都可以平等定居的零模型，另一种是不包括非森林单元或延迟扩展的替代模型。我们表明，将土地覆盖作为移动的约束条件，可以更好地近似考古学和语言学重建的图皮扩张。
