venom gland transcriptomics of : uncovering the complexity of toxins from the Malayan blue coral snake.

BACKGROUND

The Malayan blue coral snake, , is a medically important venomous snake in Southeast Asia. However, the complexity and diversity of its venom genes remain little explored.

METHODS

To address this, we applied high-throughput next-generation sequencing to profile the venom gland cDNA libraries of . The transcriptome was assembled, followed by gene annotation, multiple sequence alignment and analyses of the transcripts.

RESULTS

A total of 74 non-redundant toxin-encoding genes from 16 protein families were identified, with 31 full-length toxin transcripts. Three-finger toxins (3FTx), primarily delta-neurotoxins and cardiotoxin-like/cytotoxin-like proteins, were the most diverse and abundantly expressed. The major 3FTx (Cb_FTX01 and Cb_FTX02) are highly similar to calliotoxin, a delta-neurotoxin previously reported in the venom of . This study also revealed a conserved tyrosine residue at position 4 of the cardiotoxin-like/cytotoxin-like protein genes in the species. These variants, proposed as Y-type CTX-like proteins, are similar to the H-type CTX from cobras. The substitution is conservative though, preserving a less toxic form of elapid CTX-like protein, as indicated by the lack of venom cytotoxicity in previous laboratory and clinical findings. The ecological role of these toxins, however, remains unclear. The study also uncovered unique transcripts that belong to phospholipase A of Groups IA and IB, and snake venom metalloproteinases of PIII subclass, which show sequence variations from those of Asiatic elapids.

CONCLUSION

The venom gland transcriptome of from Malaysia was assembled and annotated. The diversity and expression profile of toxin genes provide insights into the biological and medical importance of the species.