Integral Consulting Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA.
Shell Exploration and Production Company, Houston, Alaska, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2022 Jun;18(4):939-949. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4532. Epub 2021 Nov 15.
The ability to gather real-time and near real-time data on marine mammal distribution, movement, and habitat use has advanced significantly over the past two decades. These advances have outpaced their adoption into a meaningful, risk-based assessment framework so critically needed to support society's growing demands for a transition to increased reliance on renewable energy. Marine acoustics have the capacity to detect, identify, and locate vocalizations over broad areas. Photogrammetric and image processing increases the ability to visually detect animals from surface or aerial platforms. Ecological models based on long-term observational data coupled with static and remotely sensed oceanographic data are able to predict daily and seasonal habitat suitability. Extensive monitoring around anthropogenic activities, combined with controlled experiments of exposure parameters (i.e., sound), supports better informed decisions on reducing effects. Population models and potential consequence modeling provide the ability to estimate the significance of individual and population exposure. The collective capacities of these emerging technical approaches support a risk ranking and risk management approach to monitoring and mitigating effects on marine mammals related to development activities. The monitoring paradigm related to many offshore energy-related activities, however, has long been spatially limited, situationally myopic, and operationally uncertain. A case evaluation process is used to define and demonstrate the changing paradigm of effective monitoring aimed at protecting living resources and concurrently providing increased certainty that essential activities can proceed efficiently. Recent advances in both technologies and operational approaches are examined to delineate a risk-based paradigm, driven by a diversity of regional data inputs, that is capable of meeting the imperative for timely development of offshore wind energy. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:939-949. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
在过去的二十年中，人们能够实时和近乎实时地收集海洋哺乳动物的分布、运动和栖息地利用数据，这方面的能力有了显著提高。这些进步已经超过了将其应用于一个有意义的、基于风险的评估框架的速度，而这个框架对于支持社会向可再生能源的日益依赖的转变是至关重要的。海洋声学有能力在广泛的区域内探测、识别和定位发声。摄影测量和图像处理增加了从水面或空中平台目视检测动物的能力。基于长期观测数据的生态模型，结合静态和遥感海洋学数据，能够预测每日和季节性的栖息地适宜性。在人为活动周围进行广泛监测，并对暴露参数（即声音）进行对照实验，有助于在减少影响方面做出更明智的决策。种群模型和潜在后果模型提供了估计个体和种群暴露的重要性的能力。这些新兴技术方法的综合能力支持了一种风险排名和风险管理方法，用于监测和减轻与开发活动相关的海洋哺乳动物的影响。然而，与许多近海能源相关活动相关的监测模式长期以来一直受到空间限制、情景短视和操作不确定的影响。案例评估过程用于定义和展示旨在保护生物资源并同时提供更大确定性的有效监测的变化模式，即可以有效地进行基本活动。审查了技术和操作方法的最新进展，以描绘一种基于风险的范式，该范式由各种区域数据输入驱动，能够满足及时开发海上风能的要求。2022 年综合环境评估与管理 18:939-949。©2021 作者。综合环境评估与管理由 Wiley 期刊 LLC 代表环境毒理与化学学会（SETAC）出版。
