Adiyoso Wignyo
National Development Planning Agency/BAPPENAS, Jl. Proklamasi No. 70, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia.
Research Centre for Conflict and Policy (RCCP), Faculty of Administrative Science, Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 163, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
BMC Public Health. 2021 Oct 11;21(1):1836. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11884-5.
Due to the absence of a vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, the most effective way to reduce transmission of the virus is by applying social distancing practices. Exploring factors that determine whether people adopt social distancing measures is, therefore, critical to reducing the spread of the virus. This study aimed to investigate people's intentions to socially distance based on the extended Theory of Planned Behavior.
A questionnaire was distributed to the sample population and collected through social media online and WhatsApp groups from March 26, 2020 to March 29, 2020. There were 823 analyzed out of 1870 responses. The extended TPB variables and risk perception were measured using a 7-point scale (scored from 1 to 7). Data were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling method.
Study found that the factors influencing the intention to perform social distancing were subjective norms and perceived behavior control. Risk perception affected attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Media exposure was found to determine attitudes, subjective norms, and risk perceptions. The relationship between attitudes and intentions, and media use and perceived behavior control were not significant. The better and effective risk communication that can change the level of risk perception, raise family and religious leader as well as increase to control behavior are the keys to people's perform social distancing. Results from a multigroup analysis revealed that younger individuals showed a stronger relationship between the influence of risk perception and PBC and media use on risk perception. The predictive strength of subjective norms from risk perception and risk perception from media use was more strongly associated with rural populations.
The results of study provide an initial understanding of the level of the public's risk perception to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Findings also revealed the role of media use in determining risk perception, attitudes and subjective norms and, in turn, change people's intention to socially distance. This study may add to the literature of behavioral changes in pandemic and provide a framework for both policymakers and practitioners to formulate effective interventions in the future.
由于缺乏针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）大流行的疫苗，减少该病毒传播的最有效方法是采取社交距离措施。因此，探究决定人们是否采取社交距离措施的因素对于减少病毒传播至关重要。本研究旨在基于扩展的计划行为理论调查人们保持社交距离的意图。
于2020年3月26日至2020年3月29日通过社交媒体在线和WhatsApp群组向样本人群发放问卷并进行收集。在1870份回复中，共分析了823份。扩展的计划行为理论变量和风险认知采用7分制量表（从1到7评分）进行测量。数据采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）结构方程建模方法进行分析。
研究发现，影响社交距离意图的因素是主观规范和感知行为控制。风险认知影响态度、主观规范和感知行为控制。发现媒体曝光决定态度、主观规范和风险认知。态度与意图之间以及媒体使用与感知行为控制之间的关系不显著。能够改变风险认知水平、提升家庭和宗教领袖影响力以及增强行为控制能力的更好且有效的风险沟通是人们采取社交距离措施的关键。多组分析结果显示，较年轻个体在风险认知对感知行为控制的影响以及媒体使用对风险认知的影响之间表现出更强的关系。风险认知对主观规范的预测强度以及媒体使用对风险认知的影响在农村人群中关联更强。
研究结果为公众对减少SARS-CoV-2传播的风险认知水平提供了初步认识。研究结果还揭示了媒体使用在决定风险认知、态度和主观规范方面的作用，进而改变人们保持社交距离的意图。本研究可能会丰富大流行期间行为变化的文献，并为政策制定者和从业者未来制定有效干预措施提供一个框架。
