Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
School of Law, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2022 Feb;27(1):61-66. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2021.1987411. Epub 2021 Oct 13.
Surrogacy is an arrangement by which a surrogate mother bears a child for another couple or person, and is often thought of as a form of 'treatment' for couples (or even individuals) with fertility or sterility issues. Still, surrogacy entails ethical issues related to gender, fundamental human rights, exploitation and inequality.
Starting from the Italian state of affairs, the authors have set out to briefly expound upon such complexities, taking into account relevant jurisprudence on the subject, with a particular focus on inter-country surrogacy and second-parent adoption, which can themselves engender significant legal dilemmas. When residents of countries where surrogacy is banned travel abroad and hire a surrogate, that may lead to considerable legal hurdles as well.
In Italy and elsewhere, the courts have all too often had to fill the vacuum left by the lack of targeted legislation. The Italian Constitutional Court has recently urged lawmakers to enact new legislation to uphold the minor's best interests. In fact, while some countries recognise the surrogate as the legal parent, others ascribe parenthood to the commissioning parents. That discrepancy can lead to a 'clash of laws', resulting in children ending up stateless and unable to maintain an already established family relationship.
Just like fundamental protection of human rights and public health, the regulation of revolutionary technologies that change the very notion of reproduction, parenthood, and human identity needs to be governed by uniform standards, shared at least by nations which espouse common core values.
代孕是一种安排，即代孕母亲为另一对夫妇或个人生育孩子，通常被视为解决生育或不育问题的夫妇（甚至个人）的一种“治疗”方式。然而，代孕涉及到与性别、基本人权、剥削和不平等相关的伦理问题。
从意大利的现状出发，作者简要阐述了这些复杂性，考虑到了相关的判例法，并特别关注跨国代孕和第二父母收养，这些问题本身可能会引发重大的法律困境。当禁止代孕的国家的居民出国并雇佣代孕母亲时，这可能会导致相当多的法律障碍。
在意大利和其他地方，法院经常不得不填补缺乏针对性立法留下的空白。意大利宪法法院最近敦促立法者制定新的立法，以维护未成年人的最大利益。事实上，虽然一些国家承认代孕母亲为合法母亲，但另一些国家则将亲权赋予委托代孕的父母。这种差异可能导致“法律冲突”，导致孩子成为无国籍人士，无法维持已经建立的家庭关系。
就像基本人权和公共卫生的保护一样，改变生殖、亲权和人类身份概念的革命性技术的监管需要由统一的标准来管理，至少应该由信奉共同核心价值观的国家共同遵守。
