Boffi Marco, Pola Linda, Fumagalli Natalia, Fermani Elisabetta, Senes Giulio, Inghilleri Paolo
Department of Cultural Heritage and Environment, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Front Psychol. 2021 Sep 27;12:702525. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702525. eCollection 2021.
In Western countries, the concepts of healthy ageing and active ageing, that is, concepts that favour health, participation, and security to increase the quality of life of older people, have become key issues. Hence, the effective design of public green spaces in urban areas is crucial, as visiting these areas encourages social relations and interactions in natural, healthy contexts. Consistent with these perspectives, existing landscape design criteria emphasise the importance of considering not only the functional and aesthetic elements, but also the ecosystemic and biophilic relationships between people and the environment, producing positive effects for both. To maximise the impact of such design criteria, proper engagement strategies are desirable, both to assign an active role to older people themselves and to inform the fine-tuning of the design process according to the specific needs of the local population. This study presents an interdisciplinary co-design method that encourages and informs a biophilic approach by describing the experiences of people in natural environments, actual and designed, through the application of attention restoration theory (ART). The case study was developed through six focus group meetings with older people for the co-design of a restorative area in a community garden in the Ortica district in Milan (Italy). Results show how the main needs expressed by participants can be classified into the ART factors of "compatibility" (a multifunctional garden), "fascination" (sense of contact with nature), and "being away" (metaphorical escape from nursing homes). The garden designed includes biophilic principles that respond to such needs, and specific links with designed elements were identified. For example, "being away" (e.g., isolation from daily routine and visual occlusion of the surroundings) and "compatibility" (e.g., pergola and aesthetic value) are the factors that include the elements that more satisfactorily answer previous needs. "Fascination" also includes many positive aspects, allowing space for improvements (e.g., more water elements, interaction with animals). Implications of the method are discussed, including the importance of subjective experience in informing design, the use of different psychological constructs to describe it, and the methodological alternatives for psychological assessment.
在西方国家，健康老龄化和积极老龄化的概念，即有利于健康、参与和保障以提高老年人生活质量的概念，已成为关键问题。因此，城市地区公共绿地的有效设计至关重要，因为前往这些区域能促进在自然、健康环境中的社会关系和互动。与这些观点一致，现有的景观设计标准强调不仅要考虑功能和美学元素，还要考虑人与环境之间的生态和生物亲和关系，这对两者都能产生积极影响。为了使这些设计标准的影响最大化，需要适当的参与策略，既要让老年人自身发挥积极作用，又要根据当地居民的具体需求为设计过程的微调提供信息。本研究提出了一种跨学科的协同设计方法，通过应用注意力恢复理论（ART）来描述人们在实际和设计的自然环境中的体验，鼓励并为亲生物方法提供信息。该案例研究是通过与老年人举行六次焦点小组会议来共同设计米兰（意大利）奥尔蒂卡区一个社区花园中的恢复性区域而开展的。结果表明，参与者表达的主要需求可归类为ART的“兼容性”（多功能花园）、“吸引力”（与自然接触的感觉）和“远离”（从养老院的隐喻性逃离）因素。所设计的花园包含了回应这些需求的亲生物原则，并确定了与设计元素的具体联系。例如，“远离”（如与日常事务隔绝和周围环境的视觉遮挡）和“兼容性”（如凉棚和美学价值）是包含更能令人满意地满足先前需求的元素的因素。“吸引力”也包括许多积极方面，为改进留出了空间（如更多的水景元素、与动物的互动）。讨论了该方法的意义，包括主观体验对设计的重要性、用于描述它的不同心理结构的使用以及心理评估的方法选择。
