Liu Jing, Liew Si Si, Wang Jun, Pu Kanyi
School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
Adv Mater. 2022 Jan;34(1):e2103790. doi: 10.1002/adma.202103790. Epub 2021 Oct 14.
Cancer vaccines aim at eliciting tumor-specific responses for the immune system to identify and eradicate malignant tumor cells while sparing the normal tissues. Furthermore, cancer vaccines can potentially induce long-term immunological memory for antitumor responses, preventing metastasis and cancer recurrence, thus presenting an attractive treatment option in cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical efficacy of cancer vaccines has remained low due to longstanding challenges, such as poor immunogenicity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, inappropriate immune tolerance, and systemic toxicity. Recently, bioinspired materials and biomimetic technologies have emerged to play a part in reshaping the field of cancer nanomedicine. By mimicking desirable chemical and biological properties in nature, bioinspired engineering of cancer vaccine delivery platforms can effectively transport therapeutic cargos to tumor sites, amplify antigen and adjuvant bioactivities, and enable spatiotemporal control and on-demand immunoactivation. As such, integration of biomimetic designs into delivery platforms for cancer vaccines can enhance efficacy while retaining good safety profiles, which contributes to expediting the clinical translation of cancer vaccines. Recent advances in bioinspired delivery platforms for cancer vaccines, existing obstacles faced, as well as insights and future directions for the field are discussed here.
癌症疫苗旨在引发肿瘤特异性反应，使免疫系统能够识别并根除恶性肿瘤细胞，同时不损伤正常组织。此外，癌症疫苗有可能诱导抗肿瘤反应的长期免疫记忆，预防转移和癌症复发，因此在癌症免疫治疗中是一种有吸引力的治疗选择。然而，由于长期存在的挑战，如免疫原性差、免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境、肿瘤异质性、不适当的免疫耐受和全身毒性，癌症疫苗的临床疗效一直较低。最近，受生物启发的材料和仿生技术已开始在重塑癌症纳米医学领域发挥作用。通过模仿自然界中理想的化学和生物学特性，对癌症疫苗递送平台进行受生物启发的工程设计，可以有效地将治疗性药物输送到肿瘤部位，增强抗原和佐剂的生物活性，并实现时空控制和按需免疫激活。因此，将仿生设计整合到癌症疫苗递送平台中可以提高疗效，同时保持良好的安全性，这有助于加快癌症疫苗的临床转化。本文讨论了受生物启发的癌症疫苗递送平台的最新进展、面临的现有障碍以及该领域的见解和未来方向。
