Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 Dec 5;912:174565. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174565. Epub 2021 Oct 14.
Angiogenesis has a significant role in metastasis and progression of melanoma. Even small tumors may be susceptible to metastasis and hence lead to a worse outcome in patients with melanoma. One of the anti-angiogenic treatment approaches that is undergoing comprehensive study is specific immunotherapy. While tumor cells are challenging targets for immunotherapy due to their genetic instability and heterogeneity, endothelial cells (ECs) are genetically stable. Therefore, vaccines targeting angiogenesis in melanoma are appropriate choices that target both tumor cells and ECs while capable of inducing strong, anti-tumor immune responses with limited toxicity. The main targets of angiogenesis are VEGFs and their receptors but other potential targets have also been investigated, especially in preclinical studies. Various types of vaccines that target angiogenesis in melanoma have been studied including DNA, peptide, protein, dendritic cell-based, and endothelial cell vaccines. This review outlines a number of target antigens that are important for potential progress in developing vaccines for targeting angiogenesis in melanoma. We also discuss different types of vaccines that have been investigated, delivery mechanisms and popular adjuvants, and suggest ways to improve future clinical outcomes.
血管生成在黑色素瘤的转移和进展中起着重要作用。即使是小肿瘤也可能容易发生转移，从而导致黑色素瘤患者的预后更差。正在进行全面研究的一种抗血管生成治疗方法是特异性免疫疗法。虽然由于肿瘤细胞的遗传不稳定性和异质性，肿瘤细胞是免疫治疗的挑战性靶点，但内皮细胞（ECs）是遗传稳定的。因此，针对黑色素瘤血管生成的疫苗是合适的选择，它们既能靶向肿瘤细胞和 ECs，又能诱导具有有限毒性的强烈抗肿瘤免疫反应。血管生成的主要靶点是 VEGF 及其受体，但也研究了其他潜在靶点，尤其是在临床前研究中。已经研究了针对黑色素瘤血管生成的多种类型的疫苗，包括 DNA、肽、蛋白、树突细胞和内皮细胞疫苗。这篇综述概述了一些对于在开发针对黑色素瘤血管生成的疫苗方面取得潜在进展非常重要的靶抗原。我们还讨论了已经研究过的不同类型的疫苗、递送机制和流行的佐剂，并提出了一些改进未来临床结果的方法。
