Regional Center of Agricultural Research, Gafsa street, 9100,, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia.
Non-Conventional Water Valuation Research Laboratory (LR VENC), INRGREF, Hedi EL Karray Street, El Menzah IV, 1004, Tunis, Tunisia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Dec;28(48):68090-68110. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-16558-8. Epub 2021 Oct 19.
Little is known about the occurrence of emerging pollutants (EPs) in waters in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region despite the extensive use of low-quality water there. Available data dealing with the sources, occurrence and removal of EPs within the MENA region in different categories of water is collected, presented and analyzed in this literature review. According to the collected database, the occurrence and removal efficiency of EPs in the water matrix in the MENA region is available, respectively, for 13 and six countries of the 18 in total; no available data is registered for the rest. Altogether, 290 EPs have been observed in different water matrices across the MENA countries, stemming mainly from industrial effluents, agricultural practices, and discharge or reuse of treated wastewater (TWW). Pharmaceutical compounds figure among the most frequently reported compounds in wastewater, TWW, surface water, and drinking water. Nevertheless, pesticides are the most frequently detected pollutants in groundwater. Worryingly, 57 cases of EPs have been reported in different fresh and drinking waters, exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (EC) thresholds. Overall, pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, and pesticides are the most concerning EP groups. The review revealed the ineffectiveness of treatment processes used in the region to remove EPs. Negative removals of some EPs such as carbamazepine, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole were recorded, suggesting their possible accumulation or release during treatment. This underlines the need to set in place and strengthen control measures, treatment procedures, standards, and policies for such pollutants in the region.
尽管中东和北非（MENA）地区广泛使用低质量的水，但对于该地区水中新兴污染物（EPs）的发生情况却知之甚少。本文收集、呈现和分析了有关 MENA 地区不同类型水中 EPs 的来源、发生和去除的数据。根据收集的数据库，MENA 地区水中 EPs 的发生情况和去除效率分别可用于 18 个国家中的 13 个和 6 个国家；其余国家没有可用数据。总共在 MENA 国家的不同水基质中观察到 290 种 EPs，主要来自工业废水、农业实践以及处理后废水（TWW）的排放或再利用。药物化合物是废水中最常报告的化合物之一，TWW、地表水和饮用水。然而，农药是地下水中最常检测到的污染物。令人担忧的是，在不同的淡水和饮用水中报告了 57 例 EPs 超过世界卫生组织（WHO）和欧盟委员会（EC）的阈值。总体而言，药物、有机化合物和农药是最令人关注的 EP 组。该综述揭示了该地区用于去除 EPs 的处理工艺的无效性。一些 EPs（如卡马西平、红霉素和磺胺甲恶唑）的去除率为负值，表明它们在处理过程中可能会积累或释放。这突显出需要在该地区制定和加强针对此类污染物的控制措施、处理程序、标准和政策。
