Continuous Online Adaptation of Bioinspired Adaptive Neuroendocrine Control for Autonomous Walking Robots.

Walking animals can continuously adapt their locomotion to deal with unpredictable changing environments. They can also take proactive steps to avoid colliding with an obstacle. In this study, we aim to realize such features for autonomous walking robots so that they can efficiently traverse complex terrains. To achieve this, we propose novel bioinspired adaptive neuroendocrine control. In contrast to conventional locomotion control methods, this approach does not require robot and environmental models, exteroceptive feedback, or multiple learning trials. It integrates three main modular neural mechanisms, relying only on proprioceptive feedback and short-term memory, namely: 1) neural central pattern generator (CPG)-based control; 2) an artificial hormone network (AHN); and 3) unsupervised input correlation-based learning (ICO). The neural CPG-based control creates insect-like gaits, while the AHN can continuously adapt robot joint movement individually with respect to the terrain during the stance phase using only the torque feedback. In parallel, the ICO generates short-term memory for proactive obstacle negotiation during the swing phase, allowing the posterior legs to step over the obstacle before hitting it. The control approach is evaluated on a bioinspired hexapod robot walking on complex unpredictable terrains (e.g., gravel, grass, and extreme random stepfield). The results show that the robot can successfully perform energy-efficient autonomous locomotion and online continuous adaptation with proactivity to overcome such terrains. Since our adaptive neural control approach does not require a robot model, it is general and can be applied to other bioinspired walking robots to achieve a similar adaptive, autonomous, and versatile function.