Shao Tianyi, Verma Henu Kumar, Pande Babita, Costanzo Vincenzo, Ye Weibing, Cai Yuyan, Bhaskar L V K S
College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
Department of Immunopathology, Institute of lungs Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany.
Front Physiol. 2021 Oct 8;12:751374. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.751374. eCollection 2021.
Physical activity (PA) and nutrition are the essential components of a healthy lifestyle, as they can influence energy balance, promote functional ability of various systems and improve immunity. Infections and their associated symptoms are the common and frequent challenges to human health that are causing severe economic and social consequences around the world. During aging, human immune system undergoes dramatic aging-related changes/dysfunctions known as immunosenescence. Clinically, immunosenescence refers to the gradual deterioration of immune system that increases exposure to infections, and reduces vaccine efficacy. Such phenomenon is linked to impaired immune responses that lead to dysfunction of multiple organs, while lack of physical activity, progressive loss of muscle mass, and concomitant decline in muscle strength facilitate immunosenescence and inflammation. In the present review, we have discussed the role of nutrition and PA, which can boost the immune system alone and synergistically. Evidence suggests that long-term PA is beneficial in improving immune system and preventing various infections. We have further discussed several nutritional strategies for improving the immune system. Unfortunately, the available evidence shows conflicting results. In terms of interaction with food intake, PA does not tend to increase energy intake during a short time course. However, overcoming nutritional deficiencies appears to be the most practical recommendation. Through the balanced nutritious diet intake one can fulfill the bodily requirement of optimal nutrition that significantly impacts the immune system. Supplementation of a single nutrient as food is generally not advisable. Rather incorporating various fruits and vegetables, whole grains, proteins and probiotics may ensure adequate nutrient intake. Therefore, multi-nutrient supplements may benefit people having deficiency in spite of sufficient diet. Along with PA, supplementation of probiotics, bovine colostrum, plant-derived products and functional foods may provide additional benefits in improving the immune system.
身体活动（PA）和营养是健康生活方式的重要组成部分，因为它们会影响能量平衡，促进各系统的功能能力并提高免疫力。感染及其相关症状是人类健康常见且频繁面临的挑战，在全球范围内造成了严重的经济和社会后果。在衰老过程中，人类免疫系统会经历与衰老相关的显著变化/功能障碍，即免疫衰老。临床上，免疫衰老指的是免疫系统的逐渐衰退，这会增加感染风险，并降低疫苗效力。这种现象与免疫反应受损有关，免疫反应受损会导致多器官功能障碍，而缺乏身体活动、肌肉量的逐渐减少以及随之而来的肌肉力量下降会促进免疫衰老和炎症。在本综述中，我们讨论了营养和身体活动的作用，它们单独或协同作用都可以增强免疫系统。有证据表明，长期的身体活动有助于改善免疫系统并预防各种感染。我们还进一步讨论了几种改善免疫系统的营养策略。不幸的是，现有证据显示出相互矛盾的结果。就与食物摄入的相互作用而言，在短时间内身体活动不会增加能量摄入。然而，克服营养缺乏似乎是最切实可行的建议。通过均衡摄入营养丰富的饮食，可以满足身体对最佳营养的需求，这对免疫系统有显著影响。一般不建议仅补充单一营养素作为食物。相反，摄入各种水果、蔬菜、全谷物、蛋白质和益生菌可以确保充足的营养摄入。因此，尽管饮食充足，但对于有营养缺乏的人来说，补充多种营养素可能有益。除了身体活动外，补充益生菌、牛初乳、植物源产品和功能性食品可能对改善免疫系统有额外益处。
