废物转化为营养：当前和新兴转化途径的综述。
Waste-to-nutrition: a review of current and emerging conversion pathways.
机构信息
TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
出版信息
Biotechnol Adv. 2021 Dec;53:107857. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107857. Epub 2021 Oct 24.
Residual biomass is acknowledged as a key sustainable feedstock for the transition towards circular and low fossil carbon economies to supply whether energy, chemical, material and food products or services. The latter is receiving increasing attention, in particular in the perspective of decoupling nutrition from arable land demand. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the technical possibilities to convert residual biomasses into edible ingredients, we reviewed over 950 scientific and industrial records documenting existing and emerging waste-to-nutrition pathways, involving over 150 different feedstocks here grouped under 10 umbrella categories: (i) wood-related residual biomass, (ii) primary crop residues, (iii) manure, (iv) food waste, (v) sludge and wastewater, (vi) green residual biomass, (vii) slaughterhouse by-products, (viii) agrifood co-products, (ix) C gases and (x) others. The review includes a detailed description of these pathways, as well as the processes they involve. As a result, we proposed four generic building blocks to systematize waste-to-nutrition conversion sequence patterns, namely enhancement, cracking, extraction and bioconversion. We further introduce a multidimensional representation of the biomasses suitability as potential as nutritional sources according to (i) their content in anti-nutritional compounds, (ii) their degree of structural complexity and (iii) their concentration of macro- and micronutrients. Finally, we suggest that the different pathways can be grouped into eight large families of approaches: (i) insect biorefinery, (ii) green biorefinery, (iii) lignocellulosic biorefinery, (iv) non-soluble protein recovery, (v) gas-intermediate biorefinery, (vi) liquid substrate alternative, (vii) solid-substrate fermentation and (viii) more-out-of-slaughterhouse by-products. The proposed framework aims to support future research in waste recovery and valorization within food systems, along with stimulating reflections on the improvement of resources' cascading use.
残余生物质被认为是向循环和低碳经济转型的关键可持续原料，可用于提供能源、化学品、材料和食品产品或服务。后者越来越受到关注，特别是在从耕地需求中解耦营养的角度。为了全面了解将残余生物质转化为可食用成分的技术可能性，我们审查了超过 950 份记录现有和新兴废物到营养途径的科学和工业记录，涉及超过 150 种不同的原料，这里分为 10 个伞形类别：（i）与木材相关的残余生物质，（ii）主要农作物残余物，（iii）粪便，（iv）食物垃圾，（v）污泥和废水，（vi）绿色残余生物质，（vii）屠宰场副产品，（viii）农业食品副产物，（ix）C 气体和（x）其他。审查包括对这些途径的详细描述以及它们所涉及的过程。因此，我们提出了四个通用构建块来系统化废物到营养的转化序列模式，即增强、破解、提取和生物转化。我们进一步根据（i）抗营养化合物含量、（ii）结构复杂性程度和（iii）宏量和微量营养素浓度，提出了一种将生物质作为潜在营养来源的多维表示。最后，我们建议可以将不同的途径分为 8 大方法家族：（i）昆虫生物精炼厂，（ii）绿色生物精炼厂，（iii）木质纤维素生物精炼厂，（iv）不可溶性蛋白质回收，（v）气体中间体生物精炼厂，（vi）液体底物替代，（vii）固体底物发酵和（viii）更多来自屠宰场副产品。所提出的框架旨在支持食品系统内废物回收和增值的未来研究，并激发对资源级联利用的改进的思考。
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