Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA, USA.
Neuropharmacology. 2022 Jan 1;202:108856. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108856. Epub 2021 Oct 25.
Alcohol dependence is characterized by a shift in motivation to consume alcohol from positive reinforcement (i.e., increased likelihood of future alcohol drinking based on its rewarding effects) to negative reinforcement (i.e., increased likelihood of future alcohol drinking based on alcohol-induced reductions in negative affective symptoms, including but not limited to those experienced during alcohol withdrawal). The neural adaptations that occur during this transition are not entirely understood. Mesolimbic reinforcement circuitry (i.e., ventral tegmental area [VTA] neurons) is activated during early stages of alcohol use, and may be involved in the recruitment of brain stress circuitry (i.e., extended amygdala) during the transition to alcohol dependence, after chronic periods of high-dose alcohol exposure. Here, we review the literature regarding the role of canonical brain reinforcement (VTA) and brain stress (extended amygdala) systems, and the connections between them, in acute, sub-chronic, and chronic alcohol response. Particular emphasis is placed on preclinical models of alcohol use.
酒精依赖的特征是，其饮酒动机从正性强化（即基于奖赏效应，未来饮酒的可能性增加）转变为负性强化（即基于减少负性情绪症状，包括但不限于戒断症状，未来饮酒的可能性增加）。在这个转变过程中，发生的神经适应还不完全清楚。中脑边缘奖赏回路（即腹侧被盖区[VTA]神经元）在酒精使用的早期阶段被激活，并且可能在慢性高剂量酒精暴露后向酒精依赖的转变过程中，参与招募大脑应激回路（即扩展杏仁核）。在这里，我们回顾了关于经典大脑奖赏（VTA）和大脑应激（扩展杏仁核）系统的文献，以及它们之间的联系，在急性、亚慢性和慢性酒精反应中。特别强调了酒精使用的临床前模型。
