Netherer Sigrid, Kandasamy Dineshkumar, Jirosová Anna, Kalinová Blanka, Schebeck Martin, Schlyter Fredrik
Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria.
Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
J Pest Sci (2004). 2021;94(3):591-614. doi: 10.1007/s10340-021-01341-y. Epub 2021 Feb 22.
Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle promoted by heat, wind throw and drought. Here, we review current knowledge on Norway spruce and interactions from the perspective of drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour of beetles, with multi-level effects of symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular and behavioural perspectives, we provide a comprehensive picture on this complex, multitrophic system in the light of climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that are strongly affected by physiological stress such as drought. Spruce bark contains numerous terpenoid and phenolic substances, which are important for bark beetle aggregation and attack success. Abiotic stressors such as increased temperatures and drought affect composition, amounts and emission rates of volatile compounds. Thus, drought events may influence olfactory responses of , and further the pheromone communication enabling mass attack. In addition, is associated with numerous ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts with multiple effects on beetle life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade spruce toxins, help to exhaust tree defences, produce beetle semiochemicals, and possibly provide nutrition. As the various fungal associates have different temperature optima, they can influence the performance of differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss why effects of drought on tree-killing by bark beetles are still poorly understood and provide an outlook on future research on this eruptive species using both, field and laboratory experiments.
欧洲挪威云杉林的恢复力和功能正日益受到由高温、风倒和干旱引发的树皮甲虫大规模爆发的威胁。在此，我们从干旱胁迫树木、寄主选择、甲虫的定殖行为以及共生长喙壳真菌的多层次影响等角度，综述了关于挪威云杉及其相互作用的现有知识。通过纳入化学生态学、分子和行为学视角，我们根据气候变化对这个复杂的多营养系统提供了全面的描述。树木将碳投入到特殊的新陈代谢中，以产生抵御生物入侵者的防御化合物；这些过程受到干旱等生理胁迫的强烈影响。云杉树皮含有多种萜类和酚类物质，它们对树皮甲虫的聚集和攻击成功至关重要。诸如温度升高和干旱等非生物胁迫因素会影响挥发性化合物的组成、含量和排放速率。因此，干旱事件可能会影响[原文此处缺失相关主体]的嗅觉反应，并进而影响使大规模攻击成为可能的信息素通讯。此外，[原文此处缺失相关主体]与众多对甲虫生活史有多种影响的长喙壳真菌共生体有关。共生真菌降解云杉毒素，帮助耗尽树木的防御能力，产生甲虫的信息化学物质，并可能提供营养。由于各种真菌共生体具有不同的最适温度，它们在不断变化的环境条件下对[原文此处缺失相关主体]的表现可能会产生不同的影响。最后，我们讨论了为什么干旱对树皮甲虫杀死树木的影响仍知之甚少，并展望了未来利用野外和实验室实验对这种爆发性物种进行研究的方向。
