Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan, Iran.
Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8082, USA.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022 Sep;200(9):4098-4113. doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-02995-6. Epub 2021 Nov 4.
The concentrations of four heavy metals, zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd), were determined in the liver, kidney, muscle, and brain of nine species of birds from the Chahnimeh Sistan from Iran to assess the metal levels and the potential risk to birds and to the people who eat them. Significantly higher levels of all metals were found in the brain than in the other tissues of other birds. There were no significant gender differences in heavy metals in all tissue. The levels of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn in the liver and kidney varied as a function of feeding habitats; the median levels were significantly higher in invertebrate predators than they were for fish predators and omnivorous species. Short-distance migrant birds had significantly higher median levels of heavy metals in the liver and kidney than long-distance migrant birds. Ni levels in the liver and kidney tissues in 56% of birds were higher than the critical threshold levels for effects in birds. Our data indicate that environmental exposures to metals were higher in the wintering populations of birds in the Chahnimeh of Sistan from Iran than elsewhere. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd in a small percentage of birds were above toxicity levels. However, 56% of liver and kidney samples for nickel were above toxicity levels. Determining the exposure frequency and daily intake of birds, the hazard quotient for edible tissues (kidney, liver, and muscle) of these birds showed that their consumption may provide health risk to people consuming them.
本研究测定了来自伊朗锡斯坦查赫尼梅的 9 种鸟类的肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和大脑中的 4 种重金属（锌、铅、镍和镉）的浓度，以评估金属水平以及对鸟类和食用它们的人的潜在风险。所有金属在大脑中的浓度均明显高于其他组织。所有组织中，重金属的性别差异均不显著。肝脏和肾脏中的 Pb、Cd、Ni 和 Zn 水平随摄食生境而变化；无脊椎动物捕食者的中位数水平明显高于鱼类捕食者和杂食性物种。短距离迁徙鸟类的肝脏和肾脏中重金属的中位数水平明显高于长距离迁徙鸟类。56%的鸟类肝脏和肾脏组织中的 Ni 水平高于鸟类影响的临界阈值水平。我们的数据表明，与其他地区相比，伊朗锡斯坦查赫尼梅地区越冬鸟类的环境金属暴露水平更高。一小部分鸟类的 Zn、Pb 和 Cd 浓度高于毒性水平。然而，56%的肝脏和肾脏样本中的镍含量高于毒性水平。通过确定鸟类的暴露频率和每日摄入量，这些鸟类可食用组织（肾脏、肝脏和肌肉）的危害商数表明，食用这些组织可能会对食用者的健康造成风险。
