Quick Antje Endesfelder, Gaskins Dorota, Frick Maria
Faculty of Philology, Institute of British Studies, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
School of Education, Communication and Society, King's College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2021 Oct 22;12:726764. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726764. eCollection 2021.
This article investigates the role of direct input in the code-mixing of three bilingual children aged 2-4 years acquiring English as one language, and either German, Polish, or Finnish as the other. From a usage-based perspective, it is assumed that early children's utterances are item-based and that they contain many lexically fixed patterns. To account for such patterns, the traceback method has been developed to test the hypothesis that children's utterances are constructed on the basis of a limited inventory of chunks and frame-and-slot patterns. We apply this method to the code-mixed utterances, suggesting that much of the code-mixing occurs within frame-and-slot patterns, such as as in "What is breakfast muesli?" We further analyzed each code-mixed utterance in terms of priming. Our findings suggest that much of the early code-mixing is based on concrete lexically fixed patterns which are subject to input occurring in immediately prior speech, either the child's own or that of her caregivers.
本文研究了直接输入在三名2至4岁双语儿童语码混合中的作用，这三名儿童将英语作为一种语言，另一种语言分别为德语、波兰语或芬兰语。从基于用法的角度来看，假定幼儿的话语是以项目为基础的，并且包含许多词汇固定模式。为了解释这些模式，已经开发了回溯法来检验这样一个假设，即儿童的话语是基于有限的组块和框架-插槽模式清单构建的。我们将这种方法应用于语码混合话语，结果表明许多语码混合发生在框架-插槽模式中，比如 “What is breakfast muesli?” 。我们还从启动效应方面进一步分析了每一句语码混合话语。我们的研究结果表明，许多早期语码混合是基于具体的词汇固定模式，这些模式取决于紧接在前的言语输入，无论是儿童自己的言语还是其照顾者的言语。
