Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Cliníca, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC PR), Departamento de Medicina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Otorrinolaringolgia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Smell and Test Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Pennsylvania, USA.
Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Cirurgia Cliníca, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2022 Nov-Dec;88 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):S47-S51. doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.08.004. Epub 2021 Oct 17.
Olfaction influences nutrition, safety, and the cognitive development of children. Presently there are few olfactory tests for children, and normative reference values are generally lacking. In this study, we validate the Pediatric Smell Wheel (PSW) to evaluate olfactory function in Brazilian children.
We modified and validated the PSW, a test developed in the United States, for administration in Brazil, and established normative data for Brazilian children. The validation process consisted of five phases. First, we identified odorants familiar to Brazilian children. Second, we established the test-retest reliability of the Brazilian PSW test that employed these odorants. Third, we compared the test scores of healthy children to those microsmic from adenoid hypertrophy. Fourth, we examined the test's ability to detect improvement in olfactory function before and after adenoidectomy. Finally, we determined a normative 10th percentile cut point for defining microsmia in a sample of 169 healthy Brazilian children between 5 and 12 years of age.
Eleven odors were identified for inclusion in the test. The test-retest reliability was modest (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), although likely attenuated based on the inclusion of only data from children with normal function. The test clearly differentiated the olfactory function of children with adenoid hypertrophy from that of healthy children and demonstrated the return of function after adenoidectomy. An overall score <7 was found useful in defining hyposmia, although additional age-related cut-points were also defined.
A Brazilian version of the PSW was developed and validated and found to be efficacious in detecting smell dysfunction in children ranging in age from 5 to 12 years.
1b (Diagnosis).
嗅觉会影响儿童的营养摄入、安全和认知发展。目前针对儿童的嗅觉测试较少，且通常缺乏规范的参考值。本研究旨在验证小儿嗅觉测试轮（PSW），以评估巴西儿童的嗅觉功能。
我们对美国研发的 PSW 进行了修改和验证，使之适用于巴西，并为巴西儿童建立了规范数据。验证过程包括五个阶段。首先，我们确定了巴西儿童熟悉的气味剂。其次，我们确定了使用这些气味剂的巴西 PSW 测试的重测信度。第三，我们比较了健康儿童与腺样体肥大微鼻儿童的测试分数。第四，我们考察了该测试在腺样体切除术前、后检测嗅觉功能改善的能力。最后，我们在 169 名 5 至 12 岁健康巴西儿童样本中确定了正常 10 百分位截断值，以定义微鼻。
确定了 11 种气味剂纳入测试。测试的重测信度适中（r=0.54，p<0.001），尽管可能因仅纳入正常功能儿童的数据而减弱。该测试能明确区分腺样体肥大儿童与健康儿童的嗅觉功能，并在腺样体切除术后显示功能恢复。总分<7 被认为可用于定义嗅觉减退，但也定义了其他与年龄相关的截断值。
我们开发并验证了巴西版 PSW，发现其在检测 5 至 12 岁儿童嗅觉功能障碍方面有效。
1b（诊断）。
