Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia.
Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanova Street, 6, Ulan-Ude, 670047, Russia.
Mol Genet Genomics. 2022 Jan;297(1):47-62. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01830-w. Epub 2021 Nov 10.
Here, we present a comprehensive data set of 489 complete mitogenomes (211 of which are new) from four Mongolic-speaking populations (Mongols, Barghuts, Khamnigans, and Buryats) to investigate their matrilineal genetic structure, ancestry and relationship with other ethnic groups. We show that along with very high levels of genetic diversity and lack of genetic differentiation, Mongolic-speaking populations exhibit strong genetic resemblance to East Asian populations of Chinese, Japanese, and Uyghurs. Phylogeographic analysis of complete mitogenomes reveals the presence of different components in the gene pools of modern Mongolic-speaking populations-the main East Eurasian component is represented by mtDNA lineages of East Asian, Siberian and autochthonous (the Baikal region/Mongolian) ancestry, whereas the less pronounced West Eurasian component can be ascribed to Europe and West Asia/Caucasus. We also observed that up to one third of the mtDNA subhaplogroups identified in Mongolic-speaking populations can be considered as Mongolic-specific with the coalescence age of most of them not exceeding 1.7 kya. This coincides well with the population size growth which started around 1.1 kya and is detectable only in the Bayesian Skyline Plot constructed based on Mongolic-specific mitogenomes. Our data suggest that the genetic structure established during the Mongol empire is still retained in present-day Mongolic-speaking populations.
在这里，我们呈现了来自四个蒙古语族群（蒙古人、巴尔虎人、喀木尼人和布里亚特人）的 489 个完整线粒体基因组（其中 211 个是新的）的综合数据集，以研究它们的母系遗传结构、祖先和与其他族群的关系。我们表明，蒙古语族群表现出非常高水平的遗传多样性和缺乏遗传分化，同时与东亚族群的中国人、日本人、维吾尔人具有强烈的遗传相似性。完整线粒体基因组的系统发育分析揭示了现代蒙古语族群的基因库中存在不同的成分——主要的东亚欧亚成分由东亚、西伯利亚和本土（贝加尔地区/蒙古）祖先的 mtDNA 谱系代表，而不那么明显的西欧亚成分可以归因于欧洲和西亚/高加索。我们还观察到，在蒙古语族群中发现的多达三分之一的 mtDNA 亚单倍群可以被认为是蒙古语特有的，它们中的大多数的聚结年龄不超过 1.7 千年前。这与大约 1.1 千年前开始的人口增长非常吻合，而且只有在基于蒙古语特有的线粒体基因组构建的贝叶斯天空线图中才能检测到。我们的数据表明，在蒙古帝国时期建立的遗传结构在现代蒙古语族群中仍然保留着。
