Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
Nature. 2018 May;557(7705):369-374. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. Epub 2018 May 9.
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
几千年来，欧亚大草原一直是人类迁徙和文化变革的中心。在这里，我们对 137 名古人的基因组进行了测序（约为平均覆盖度的 1 倍），时间跨度为 4000 年，以了解青铜时代迁徙后欧亚大草原的人口历史。我们发现，在整个铁器时代主导欧亚大草原的斯基泰人群体的遗传学结构高度复杂，起源多样，包括晚青铜时代的牧民、欧洲农民和南西伯利亚的狩猎采集者。后来，斯基泰人与形成匈奴联盟的东部草原游牧民族混合，大约在公元前二、三世纪向西迁移，在公元四、五世纪形成了匈人的传统，并携带了导致查士丁尼瘟疫的病原体。这些游牧民族在中世纪的几个短期汗国中与东亚群体进一步混合。这些历史事件使欧亚大草原从以印欧语系为主、主要来自西欧亚祖先的人群居住地，变成了今天主要讲突厥语的群体，他们主要是东亚祖先。
