Conformational selection of vasopressin upon V receptor binding.

The neuropeptide vasopressin (VP) and its three G protein-coupled receptors (VR, VR and VR) are of high interest in a wide array of drug discovery programs. VR is of particular importance due to its cardiovascular functions and diverse roles in the central nervous system. The structure-activity relationships underpinning ligand-receptor interactions remain however largely unclear, hindering rational drug design. This is not least due to the high structural flexibility of VP in its free as well as receptor-bound states. In this work, we developed a novel approach to reveal features of conformational selectivity upon VP-VR complex formation. We employed virtual screening strategies to probe VP's conformational space for transiently adopted structures that favor binding to VR. To this end, we dissected the VP conformational space into three sub-ensembles, each containing distinct structural sets for VP's three-residue C-terminal tail. We validated the computational results with experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and docked each sub-ensemble to VR. We observed that the conformation of VP's three-residue tail significantly modulated the complex dissociation constants. Solvent-exposed and proline -configured VP tail conformations bound to the receptor with three-fold enhanced affinities compared to compacted or -configured conformations. The solvent-exposed and more flexible structures facilitated unique interaction patterns between VP and VR transmembrane helices 3, 4, and 6 which led to high binding energies. The presented "virtual conformational space screening" approach, integrated with NMR spectroscopy, thus enabled identification and characterization of a conformational selection-type complex formation mechanism that confers novel perspectives on targeting the VP-VR interactions at the level of the encounter complex - an aspect that opens novel research avenues for understanding the functionality of the evolutionary selected conformational properties of VP, as well as guidance for ligand design strategies to provide more potent and selective VP analogues.