Hoffmann Jörg, Wahrenberg Tim
Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants JKI Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany.
Ecol Evol. 2021 Oct 13;11(21):15351-15363. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8223. eCollection 2021 Nov.
In the past, the floristic diversity of arable fields has been described in terms of species diversity (SD) and their degree of coverage (C), but never in combination with the recording of the actually flowered species (FS) and their flowering intensity (FI) to striking differences in the cultivation methods on arable land. In relation to SD and C, however, FS and FI may provide important additional information on the functional biodiversity of fields. The aim was therefore to investigate the effects of (a) conventional, (b) organic, and (c) smallholder (never application of herbicides) on the floristic diversity. Using a region in Germany, we investigated SD, C, FS, and FI synchronously in (a), (b), and (c), by 356 vegetation surveys (5 × 5 m plots) conducted in spring and summer in 2019 in winter cereals. Statistical tests were used to analyze the differences between (a), (b), and (c). The medians were used to compare the floristic diversity of (a), (b), and (c) and finally relationships of FS and FI to SD were analyzed in relation to the cultivation methods. Significant differences in SD, C, FS, and FI were found between the (a), (b), and (c) in spring and summer characterized by sharp declines from (c) to (b) to (a). A drastic reduction in floristic diversity from (c) 100 to (b) 52 to (a) 3 was determined. Plants in flower (FS, FI) were very poorly in (a), moderately well to well in (b), and well to very well represented in (c). (C) to (a) was characterized by a sharp decline and from (a) to (b) by sharp increase in floristic diversity. With current acreage proportions of (a) in mind, this would affect, about one third of land area in Germany, associated with a drastic reduction in functional biodiversity for insects.
过去，耕地的植物多样性是根据物种多样性（SD）及其覆盖程度（C）来描述的，但从未与实际开花物种（FS）及其开花强度（FI）的记录相结合，以突出耕地种植方式的差异。然而，相对于SD和C而言，FS和FI可能会提供有关农田功能生物多样性的重要补充信息。因此，本研究的目的是调查（a）传统种植方式、（b）有机种植方式和（c）小农户种植方式（从不使用除草剂）对植物多样性的影响。我们以德国的一个地区为研究对象，于2019年春夏两季，在冬小麦田中通过356次植被调查（5×5米样方），同步调查了（a）、（b）和（c）中的SD、C、FS和FI。采用统计检验分析（a）、（b）和（c）之间的差异。用中位数比较（a）、（b）和（c）的植物多样性，最后分析FS和FI与SD之间的关系，并与种植方式相关联。在春夏两季，（a）、（b）和（c）之间的SD、C、FS和FI存在显著差异，其特征是从（c）到（b）再到（a）急剧下降。确定了植物多样性从（c）的100急剧下降到（b）的52再到（a）的3。处于开花期的植物（FS、FI）在（a）中非常少，在（b）中中等至良好，在（c）中良好至非常多。从（c）到（a）的特征是植物多样性急剧下降，从（a）到（b）则急剧增加。考虑到目前（a）的种植面积比例，这将影响德国约三分之一的土地面积，同时导致昆虫功能生物多样性急剧减少。
