Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 28;22(21):11668. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111668.
Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and parental nutritional status have profound effects on embryonic/fetal and placental development, which are probably mediated via "programming" of gene expression, as reflected by changes in their epigenetic landscape. Such epigenetic changes may underlie programming of growth, development, and function of fetal organs later in pregnancy and the offspring postnatally, and potentially lead to long-term changes in organ structure and function in the offspring as adults. This latter concept has been termed developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), or simply developmental programming, which has emerged as a major health issue in animals and humans because it is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases in the offspring, including metabolic, behavioral, and reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we will briefly introduce the concept of developmental programming and its relationship to epigenetics. We will then discuss evidence that ART and periconceptual maternal and paternal nutrition may lead to epigenetic alterations very early in pregnancy, and how each pregnancy experiences developmental programming based on signals received by and from the dam. Lastly, we will discuss current research on strategies designed to overcome or minimize the negative consequences or, conversely, to maximize the positive aspects of developmental programming.
辅助生殖技术 (ART) 和父母的营养状况对胚胎/胎儿和胎盘发育有深远影响，这可能是通过基因表达的“编程”介导的，反映在其表观遗传景观的变化上。这种表观遗传变化可能是妊娠后期胎儿器官生长、发育和功能以及后代出生后编程的基础，并可能导致后代成年后器官结构和功能的长期变化。后一种概念被称为健康与疾病的发育起源 (DOHaD)，或简称发育编程，它已成为动物和人类的一个主要健康问题，因为它与后代中非传染性疾病的风险增加有关，包括代谢、行为和生殖功能障碍。在这篇综述中，我们将简要介绍发育编程的概念及其与表观遗传学的关系。然后，我们将讨论证据表明，ART 和围孕期母体和父体营养可能导致怀孕早期的表观遗传改变，以及每个妊娠如何根据母体接收到的信号经历发育编程。最后，我们将讨论旨在克服或最小化发育编程负面影响的现有研究，或者相反，最大限度地发挥其积极方面的策略。
