Fritea Luminita, Banica Florin, Costea Traian Octavian, Moldovan Liviu, Dobjanschi Luciana, Muresan Mariana, Cavalu Simona
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 P-ta 1 Decembrie, 410087 Oradea, Romania.
Advanced Materials Research Infrastructure-SMARTMAT, University of Oradea, 1 Universitatii Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania.
Materials (Basel). 2021 Oct 22;14(21):6319. doi: 10.3390/ma14216319.
Monitoring human health for early detection of disease conditions or health disorders is of major clinical importance for maintaining a healthy life. Sensors are small devices employed for qualitative and quantitative determination of various analytes by monitoring their properties using a certain transduction method. A "real-time" biosensor includes a biological recognition receptor (such as an antibody, enzyme, nucleic acid or whole cell) and a transducer to convert the biological binding event to a detectable signal, which is read out indicating both the presence and concentration of the analyte molecule. A wide range of specific analytes with biomedical significance at ultralow concentration can be sensitively detected. In nano(bio)sensors, nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated into the (bio)sensor design by attachment to the suitably modified platforms. For this purpose, metal nanoparticles have many advantageous properties making them useful in the transducer component of the (bio)sensors. Gold, silver and platinum NPs have been the most popular ones, each form of these metallic NPs exhibiting special surface and interface features, which significantly improve the biocompatibility and transduction of the (bio)sensor compared to the same process in the absence of these NPs. This comprehensive review is focused on the main types of NPs used for electrochemical (bio)sensors design, especially screen-printed electrodes, with their specific medical application due to their improved analytical performances and miniaturized form. Other advantages such as supporting real-time decision and rapid manipulation are pointed out. A special attention is paid to carbon-based nanomaterials (especially carbon nanotubes and graphene), used by themselves or decorated with metal nanoparticles, with excellent features such as high surface area, excellent conductivity, effective catalytic properties and biocompatibility, which confer to these hybrid nanocomposites a wide biomedical applicability.
监测人类健康以早期发现疾病状况或健康紊乱对于维持健康生活具有重要的临床意义。传感器是一种小型设备，通过使用特定的转换方法监测各种分析物的特性来进行定性和定量测定。“实时”生物传感器包括生物识别受体（如抗体、酶、核酸或全细胞）和一个换能器，用于将生物结合事件转换为可检测信号，该信号读出后可指示分析物分子的存在和浓度。可以灵敏地检测出超低浓度下具有生物医学意义的多种特定分析物。在纳米（生物）传感器中，纳米颗粒（NPs）通过附着在适当修饰的平台上被纳入（生物）传感器设计中。为此，金属纳米颗粒具有许多有利特性，使其在（生物）传感器的换能器组件中很有用。金、银和铂纳米颗粒是最常用的，这些金属纳米颗粒的每种形式都表现出特殊的表面和界面特征，与没有这些纳米颗粒的相同过程相比，这显著提高了（生物）传感器的生物相容性和转换能力。这篇综述聚焦于用于电化学（生物）传感器设计的主要类型的纳米颗粒，特别是丝网印刷电极，因其改进的分析性能和小型化形式而具有特定的医学应用。还指出了其他优点，如支持实时决策和快速操作。特别关注了碳基纳米材料（尤其是碳纳米管和石墨烯），它们单独使用或用金属纳米颗粒修饰，具有高表面积、优异的导电性、有效的催化性能和生物相容性等优异特性，这些特性赋予这些杂化纳米复合材料广泛的生物医学适用性。
