Rahman Ubaid Ur, Khan Abbas, Humayun Muhammad, Shah Nasrullah, Alanazi Amal Faleh, Bououdina Mohamed
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200 KP Pakistan
Energy, Water and Environment Lab, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University Riyadh 11586 Saudi Arabia
RSC Adv. 2025 Aug 18;15(35):29034-29052. doi: 10.1039/d5ra04107d. eCollection 2025 Aug 11.
Basic Blue 3 (BB3) dye is a very contaminating substance that poses a substantial risk to human health and the environment. To solve this issue, we synthesized carbon-based materials, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (R-GO), and their nanocomposites, which demonstrated exceptional potential for the photo-assisted removal of BB3 dye. Pristine GO and R-GO were synthesized using a modified Hummers' method, while copper (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated through a simple co-precipitation method to boost the photocatalytic performance of the resultant hybrid materials. A detailed characterization of these synthesized nano-materials was performed using several analytical techniques to understand their structural, morphological, and chemical properties. Characterization results confirmed the successful fabrication of the desired hybrid nanocomposites. The photo-assisted removal of BB3 dye using synthesized nano-materials was evaluated under a batch methodology, changing the experimental conditions to optimize BB3 dye removal from wastewater. The results exhibited that Cu@R-GO and Cu@GO nanocomposites exhibited notable photocatalytic performance, accomplishing maximum removal rates of 75.41% and 68.05%, respectively. These values were meaningfully higher than those of R-GO (44.92%) and GO (35.11%) under the same experimental conditions. Furthermore, to increase insights into the degradation mechanism, the experimental data were analyzed using thermodynamic and kinetic models. The results indicate that the Cu@R-GO nanocomposite not only possesses excellent degradation abilities but also displays promising thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the photo-assisted removal of BB3 dye. The results of our study clearly indicate that the Cu@R-GO nanocomposite as an outstanding candidate for the photocatalytic removal of impurities from wastewater, offering a possible solution for environmental remediation.
碱性蓝3（BB3）染料是一种极具污染性的物质，对人类健康和环境构成重大风险。为解决这一问题，我们合成了碳基材料，如氧化石墨烯（GO）、还原氧化石墨烯（R-GO）及其纳米复合材料，这些材料在光辅助去除BB3染料方面展现出卓越潜力。采用改进的Hummers法合成了原始的GO和R-GO，同时通过简单的共沉淀法引入铜（Cu）纳米颗粒（NPs），以提高所得杂化材料的光催化性能。使用多种分析技术对这些合成的纳米材料进行了详细表征，以了解它们的结构、形态和化学性质。表征结果证实成功制备了所需的杂化纳米复合材料。在分批方法下评估了使用合成纳米材料光辅助去除BB3染料的效果，改变实验条件以优化从废水中去除BB3染料的效果。结果表明，Cu@R-GO和Cu@GO纳米复合材料表现出显著的光催化性能，最大去除率分别达到75.41%和68.05%。在相同实验条件下，这些值明显高于R-GO（44.92%）和GO（35.11%）。此外，为了更深入了解降解机制，使用热力学和动力学模型对实验数据进行了分析。结果表明，Cu@R-GO纳米复合材料不仅具有出色的降解能力，而且在光辅助去除BB3染料方面还显示出有前景的热力学和动力学参数。我们的研究结果清楚地表明，Cu@R-GO纳米复合材料是光催化去除废水中杂质的优秀候选材料，为环境修复提供了一种可能的解决方案。
