Andretta Ines, Hickmann Felipe M W, Remus Aline, Franceschi Carolina H, Mariani Alexandre B, Orso Catiane, Kipper Marcos, Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre, Pomar Candido
Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Oct 27;8:750733. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.750733. eCollection 2021.
Pig and poultry production systems have reached high-performance levels over the last few decades. However, there is still room for improvement when it comes to their environmental sustainability. This issue is even more relevant due to the growing demand for food demand since this surplus food production needs to be met at an affordable cost with minimum impact on the environment. This study presents a systematic review of peer-reviewed manuscripts that investigated the environmental impacts associated with pig and poultry production. For this purpose, independent reviews were performed and two databases were constructed, one for each production system. Previous studies published in peer-reviewed journals were considered for the databases if the method of life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to pig (pork meat) or poultry (broiler meat or table eggs) production to estimate at least the potential effects of climate change, measured as CO-eq. Studies considering the cradle-to-farm gate were considered, as well as those evaluating processes up to the slaughterhouse or processor gate. The pig database comprised 55 studies, while 30 publications were selected for the poultry database. These studies confirmed feeding (which includes the crop cultivation phase, manufacturing processes, and transportation) as the main contributor to the environmental impact associated with pig and poultry production systems. Several studies evaluated feeding strategies, which were indicated as viable alternatives to mitigate the environmental footprint associated with both production chains. In this study, precision feeding techniques are highlighted given their applicability to modern pig and poultry farming. These novel feeding strategies are good examples of innovative strategies needed to break paradigms, improve resource-use efficiency, and effectively move the current productive scenario toward more sustainable livestock systems.
在过去几十年里，生猪和家禽生产系统已达到高性能水平。然而，在环境可持续性方面仍有改进空间。由于对粮食需求不断增长，这个问题变得更加重要，因为需要以可承受的成本满足这种过剩的粮食生产，同时对环境的影响最小。本研究对同行评审的手稿进行了系统综述，这些手稿调查了与生猪和家禽生产相关的环境影响。为此，进行了独立评审并构建了两个数据库，每个生产系统一个。如果将生命周期评估（LCA）方法应用于生猪（猪肉）或家禽（肉鸡或食用蛋）生产，以至少估计气候变化的潜在影响（以二氧化碳当量衡量），则在同行评审期刊上发表的先前研究被纳入数据库。考虑从摇篮到农场大门的研究以及评估直至屠宰场或加工大门的过程的研究都被纳入。生猪数据库包含55项研究，而家禽数据库则选择了30篇出版物。这些研究证实，饲料（包括作物种植阶段、制造过程和运输）是与生猪和家禽生产系统相关的环境影响的主要贡献因素。几项研究评估了饲料策略，这些策略被认为是减轻与两个生产链相关的环境足迹的可行替代方案。在本研究中，鉴于精确饲养技术适用于现代生猪和家禽养殖，因此对其进行了重点介绍。这些新颖的饲养策略是打破范式、提高资源利用效率以及有效推动当前生产模式向更可持续的畜牧系统转变所需的创新策略的良好范例。
