Methylome of skeletal muscle tissue in patients with hypertension and diabetes undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Epigenomic changes occurring during surgery have been neglected in research; diabetes and hypertension can affect the epigenome but little is known about the epigenetics of skeletal muscle (SKM). DNA methylation was profiled via Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays in SKM samples obtained at the beginning and end of heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methylation in patients with hypertension and diabetes was significantly different, more so for uncontrolled diabetes; hypertension alone produced minimal effect. The affected pathways involved IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGF, NF-κB and Wnt signaling, apoptosis and DNA damage response. Significant changes occurred during surgery and included loci in the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway. Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery affects the SKM methylome, and the combination of hypertension and diabetes induces changes in the SKM epigenome in contrast to hypertension alone.