GWAS Reveal Novel Sex-Related Markers and Candidate Genes in Sea Urchin Mesocentrotus nudus.

Mesocentrotus nudus is an economically important mariculture species. Identification of sex-related markers and candidate genes has potential implications for sex-control breeding of Mesocentrotus nudus. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular markers and genes associated with the sex of M. nudus. Initial GWAS analysis based on 80 individuals genotyped by using GBS identified 22 sex-related SNPs located on 9 GBS tags. Further targeted sequencing in another population of 124 individuals confirmed that 7 SNPs located on 7 GBS tags displayed complete associations with sex, suggesting a ZW/ZZ sex-determination system in M. nudus. Besides, genome and transcriptome annotations presented that the heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial (trap1), and protein furry homolog-like (fryl) may be important candidate genes involved in sex determination and differentiation in M. nudus. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the functions of these genes. Overall, the current results not only provide molecular markers that may contribute to the sex-control breeding for M. nudus, but also provide new insights to understand the regulatory mechanism of sea urchin sex.