Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 17;22(22):12420. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212420.
Osteochondral (OC) defects are debilitating joint injuries characterized by the loss of full thickness articular cartilage along with the underlying calcified cartilage through to the subchondral bone. While current surgical treatments can provide some relief from pain, none can fully repair all the components of the OC unit and restore its native function. Engineering OC tissue is challenging due to the presence of the three distinct tissue regions. Recent advances in additive manufacturing provide unprecedented control over the internal microstructure of bioscaffolds, the patterning of growth factors and the encapsulation of potentially regenerative cells. These developments are ushering in a new paradigm of 'multiphasic' scaffold designs in which the optimal micro-environment for each tissue region is individually crafted. Although the adoption of these techniques provides new opportunities in OC research, it also introduces challenges, such as creating tissue interfaces, integrating multiple fabrication techniques and co-culturing different cells within the same construct. This review captures the considerations and capabilities in developing 3D printed OC scaffolds, including materials, fabrication techniques, mechanical function, biological components and design.
软骨下骨（OC）缺损是一种使人衰弱的关节损伤，其特征是关节软骨全层以及下面的钙化软骨直至软骨下骨丧失。虽然目前的手术治疗可以缓解疼痛，但没有一种方法可以完全修复 OC 单位的所有成分并恢复其固有功能。由于存在三个不同的组织区域，因此工程 OC 组织具有挑战性。最近在增材制造方面的进展为生物支架的内部微观结构、生长因子的图案化和潜在再生细胞的封装提供了前所未有的控制。这些发展正在迎来一个“多相”支架设计的新范例，其中每个组织区域的最佳微环境都可以单独定制。尽管这些技术的采用为 OC 研究提供了新的机会，但也带来了挑战，例如创建组织界面、整合多种制造技术以及在同一构建体中共同培养不同的细胞。这篇综述介绍了开发 3D 打印 OC 支架的注意事项和能力，包括材料、制造技术、机械功能、生物成分和设计。
