Navas-Martín Miguel Ángel, López-Bueno José Antonio, Oteiza Ignacio, Cuerdo-Vilches Teresa
Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 19;18(22):12176. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182212176.
Many countries chose to establish social distancing as lockdowns after the COVID-19 outbreak. Households had to adapt their day-to-day lifestyles to new circumstances, affecting routines and time dedication to tasks. This national study was carried out to find out how the confinement by COVID-19 affected Spanish households on the perceived habit changes during this period, in relation to their socio-demographic characteristics and household composition. An online questionnaire was launched during the COVID-19 lockdown, from 30 April to 22 June 2020. Descriptive statistics were analyzed, stratified by gender, on time dedication, routine, home leaving, and habit change variables. Chi-square tests were used to explore the relations of significance with socio-demographic characteristics and home composition. All contrast analyses were performed for a 95% confidence level (significance considered for < 0.05). In total, 1673 respondents participated from different age groups, educational level, employment status and household composition. Sixty percent of respondents maintained their routines. A third tried to establish a new one, being related to women, young people, not a university student, and living with others, including minors. Regarding dedication to tasks, adults aged 35-54 years, with more cohabitants, especially women, devoted themselves intensively to the home or to care, while those under 35 were dedicated more to rest, leisure, television or reading. People with university studies were more related to teleworking. The frequency of going outside was related to gender, age, educational level and living with elders, specifically for grocery shopping and taking out garbage. Changes in habits, routines and time dedication in confinement were strongly linked to the sociodemographic and coexistence conditions in Spanish homes. The greatest impacts were suffered by women, people with children, and adults between 35-54 years of age, especially on care and domestic chores.
许多国家在新冠疫情爆发后选择实施社交距离措施并进行封锁。家庭不得不使日常生活方式适应新情况，这影响了日常事务安排和投入各项任务的时间。开展这项全国性研究是为了了解新冠疫情导致的封锁措施如何影响西班牙家庭在此期间的习惯认知变化，以及这些变化与家庭的社会人口特征和家庭构成之间的关系。在2020年4月30日至6月22日新冠疫情封锁期间开展了一项在线问卷调查。对按性别分层的时间投入、日常事务、外出及习惯改变变量进行了描述性统计分析。使用卡方检验来探究与社会人口特征和家庭构成之间的显著关系。所有对比分析的置信水平为95%（显著性水平设定为 < 0.05）。共有1673名来自不同年龄组、教育水平、就业状况和家庭构成的受访者参与了调查。60%的受访者维持了原有日常安排。三分之一的受访者试图建立新的日常安排，这些人包括女性、年轻人、非大学生以及与他人（包括未成年人）同住的人。在任务投入方面，35至54岁、同居者较多（尤其是女性）的成年人更多地投入到家务或照料中，而35岁以下的人则更多地用于休息、休闲、看电视或阅读。受过大学教育的人更多地与远程工作相关。外出频率与性别、年龄、教育水平以及与长辈同住情况有关，特别是在购物和倒垃圾方面。封锁期间习惯、日常安排和时间投入的变化与西班牙家庭的社会人口特征和共处状况密切相关。女性、有孩子的人以及35至54岁的成年人受影响最大，尤其是在照料和家务方面。
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