Department of General, Endocrine, and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
Nutrients. 2021 Oct 28;13(11):3839. doi: 10.3390/nu13113839.
The gut microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining homeostasis. The presence of commensal microorganisms leads to the stimulation of the immune system and its maturation. In turn, dysbiosis with an impaired intestinal barrier leads to accelerated contact of microbiota with the host's immune cells. Microbial structural parts, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin (FLG), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce inflammation via activation of pattern recognition receptors. Microbial metabolites can also develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is the cause of many metabolic diseases. This article aims to systematize information on the influence of microbiota on chronic inflammation and the benefits of microbiota modification through dietary changes, prebiotics, and probiotic intake. Scientific research indicates that the modification of the microbiota in various disease states can reduce inflammation and improve the metabolic profile. However, since there is no pattern for a healthy microbiota, there is no optimal way to modify it. The methods of influencing microbiota should be adapted to the type of dysbiosis. Although there are studies on the microbiota and its effects on inflammation, this subject is still relatively unknown, and more research is needed in this area.
肠道微生物群是维持体内平衡的关键因素。共生微生物的存在会刺激免疫系统及其成熟。反过来，肠道屏障功能障碍和失调会导致微生物群与宿主免疫细胞的加速接触。微生物的结构部分，即病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs），如鞭毛蛋白（FLG）、肽聚糖（PGN）、脂磷壁酸（LTA）和脂多糖（LPS），通过激活模式识别受体引发炎症。微生物代谢物也会引发慢性低度炎症，这是许多代谢疾病的原因。本文旨在系统地介绍微生物群对慢性炎症的影响，以及通过饮食变化、益生元和益生菌摄入来改变微生物群的益处。科学研究表明，在各种疾病状态下改变微生物群可以减轻炎症并改善代谢特征。然而，由于没有健康微生物群的模式，因此没有最佳的方法来改变它。影响微生物群的方法应该适应于失调的类型。尽管有关于微生物群及其对炎症影响的研究，但这个主题仍然相对未知，需要在这一领域进行更多的研究。
