Department of Computing and Informatics, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
Department of Tourism Guidance, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Apr;29(17):24995-25005. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17651-8. Epub 2021 Nov 27.
Several studies have investigated the relationship between tourism, consumption of energy, globalization, and ecological footprint. However, the role of biocapacity alongside tourism development in environmental sustainability is yet to be documented in the extant literature. No doubt, the biocapacity of a country, its level of tourist's arrival, as well as globalization all contribute immensely to ecological footprint. Consequently, this study looks at long-run and causality connections with a special focus on bio-capacity. The study uses the pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag model (PMG-ARDL) methodology to test the causality relationship during 2016 international tourists' receipt from world tourism organization data files for 10 tourism destinations. Empirical result based on the panel PMG-ARDL confirms the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the 10 tourism destinations countries investigated. Furthermore, the panel ARDL estimator was used to estimate the short-run and long-run relationships simultaneously between biocapacity, tourist arrivals, GDP per capita, globalization, and ecological footprints. While the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test was used to establish causality relationships among the highlighted variables. The trade-off between economic growth and environmental quality suggests that tourist arrival dampens environmental quality. In addition, the study finds that growing biocapacity affects ecological footprints negatively. Furthermore, an increase in tourism-related activities, globalization, and economic production has the potential to damage the quality of the environment. To this end, given the study results, there is a need to pursue green tourism which can reduce environmental degradation and destruction of land caused by multiple tourism-related transportation and construction of tourist facilities respectively in the top ten tourist destination countries.
几项研究调查了旅游、能源消耗、全球化和生态足迹之间的关系。然而，生物容量在旅游发展对环境可持续性的作用在现有文献中尚未记录。毫无疑问，一个国家的生物容量、其游客到达的水平以及全球化都对生态足迹有巨大的贡献。因此，本研究特别关注生物容量，研究长期和因果关系。该研究使用了聚合均值组自回归分布滞后模型（PMG-ARDL）方法，从世界旅游组织的 2016 年国际游客接待数据中检验了 10 个旅游目的地的因果关系。基于面板 PMG-ARDL 的实证结果证实了 10 个旅游目的地国家的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说。此外，面板 ARDL 估计器同时估计了生物容量、游客到达量、人均 GDP、全球化和生态足迹之间的短期和长期关系。同时，使用 Dumitrescu 和 Hurlin 面板因果检验来确定突出变量之间的因果关系。经济增长和环境质量之间的权衡表明，游客到达量会降低环境质量。此外，研究发现，生物容量的增长对生态足迹有负面影响。此外，旅游相关活动、全球化和经济生产的增加有可能破坏环境质量。为此，鉴于研究结果，有必要推行绿色旅游，这可以减少十大旅游目的地国家的旅游相关交通和旅游设施建设分别造成的环境退化和土地破坏。
