Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Department of Financial Technologies, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jun;28(24):31607-31617. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12871-4. Epub 2021 Feb 20.
Beyond the anticipated experience associated with tourism destinations, the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has further tasked (especially the destination countries) on the importance of tourism to achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From this dimension, this study employed the ecological footprint of the 10 most visited countries (France, Spain, United States, China, Italy, Mexico, United Kingdom, Turkey, Germany, and Thailand) over the period 1995-2016. Specifically, the study employed an econometric approach and found that increase in tourism arrivals and globalization is detrimental to the attainment of sustainable environmental quality in a long term. Precisely, a 1% increase in international arrivals and globalization is responsible for a 0.18 and 0.89% increase in ecological footprint in the long-run. These impacts of tourism activities and globalization are detrimental to the environmental quality of the destination countries. Meanwhile, the real income per capita and biocapacity in the destination countries improve the environmental quality of the panel of destination countries in the long-run. In addition, the study found significant evidence of Granger causality from tourism and real income to ecological footprint without feedback, the globalization-ecological footprint Granger causality nexus is with feedback. Moreover, potentially effective policies for government and other stakeholders especially toward attaining Global goals were proffered in the study.
除了与旅游目的地相关的预期体验外，联合国世界旅游组织（UNWTO）还进一步强调了旅游业对实现 2030 年可持续发展目标（SDGs）的重要性（特别是对目的地国家而言）。从这个角度出发，本研究采用了 1995 年至 2016 年间 10 个最受欢迎的旅游国家（法国、西班牙、美国、中国、意大利、墨西哥、英国、土耳其、德国和泰国）的生态足迹进行分析。具体而言，本研究采用了计量经济学方法，发现旅游入境人数的增加和全球化长期以来不利于可持续环境质量的实现。确切地说，国际入境人数和全球化增加 1%，将导致生态足迹在长期内增加 0.18%和 0.89%。这些旅游活动和全球化的影响对目的地国家的环境质量不利。同时，目的地国家的人均实际收入和生物承载力的提高，将长期改善目的地国家的环境质量。此外，本研究发现旅游和实际收入与生态足迹之间存在从因果关系到无反馈的格兰杰因果关系，而全球化与生态足迹之间则存在反馈关系。此外，本研究提出了一些潜在的有效政策建议，供政府和其他利益相关者，特别是在实现全球目标方面参考。
