Yocca Alan E, Edger Patrick P
Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Genetics and Genome Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2022 Feb;65:102139. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102139. Epub 2021 Nov 24.
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are short stretches (∼5-15 base pairs) of DNA capable of being bound by a transcription factor and influencing the expression of nearby genes. These regions are of great interest to anyone studying the relationship between phenotype and genotype as these sequences often dictate genes' spatio-temporal expression. Indeed, several associative signals between genotype and phenotype are known to lie outside of protein-coding regions. Therefore, a key to understand evolutionary biology requires their characterization in current and future genome assemblies. In this review, we cover some recent examples of how CRE variation contributes to phenotypic evolution, discuss evidence for the selective pressures experienced by non-coding regions of the genome, and consider several studies on accessible chromatin regions in plants and what they can tell us about CREs. Finally, we discuss how current advances in sequencing technologies will improve our knowledge of CRE variation.
顺式调控元件（CREs）是一段短的DNA片段（约5 - 15个碱基对），能够被转录因子结合并影响附近基因的表达。对于任何研究表型与基因型之间关系的人来说，这些区域都非常有趣，因为这些序列通常决定基因的时空表达。事实上，已知基因型和表型之间的几个关联信号位于蛋白质编码区域之外。因此，理解进化生物学的一个关键在于在当前和未来的基因组组装中对它们进行表征。在这篇综述中，我们涵盖了一些关于CRE变异如何促进表型进化的最新例子，讨论了基因组非编码区域所经历的选择压力的证据，并考虑了几项关于植物可及染色质区域的研究以及它们能告诉我们关于CREs的哪些信息。最后，我们讨论了测序技术的当前进展将如何提高我们对CRE变异的认识。
