Bryant Christopher J, Prosser Annayah M B, Barnett Julie
Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
Appetite. 2022 Feb 1;169:105812. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105812. Epub 2021 Nov 26.
We conceptualize the journey to ethical veganism in the stages of the transtheoretical model of change, from precontemplation through contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. At each stage, we explore the psychological barriers to progressing towards veganism, discuss how they manifest, and explore ways to overcome them. It is hoped that this paper can be used as a guide for animal advocates to identify the stage an individual is at, and understand and overcome the social and psychological barriers they may face to progressing. We argue that, while many people are ignorant of the cruel practices entailed in animal farming, many deliberately avoid thinking about the issue, are unable to appreciate the scale of the issue, and simply tend to favour the status quo. When engaging with the issue of farm animal suffering, meat-eaters are largely driven by cognitive dissonance, which manifests as motivated reasoning aimed at protecting one's image of oneself and one's society. This is facilitated by confirmation bias and complicit media which cater to the preferred views of their meat-eating audience. Even once convinced of veganism, habit and willpower present further barriers to acting on those beliefs. This is all in the context of a speciesist and carnistic culture where meat consumption is normal, farming is noble, and vegans are 'others'. We locate and elucidate each of these biases within the stages of the transtheoretical model and discuss the implications of this model for animal advocates and for further research.
我们将走向道德素食主义的历程按照行为改变的跨理论模型阶段进行概念化，从未考虑阶段到考虑阶段、准备阶段、行动阶段和维持阶段。在每个阶段，我们探讨向素食主义迈进过程中的心理障碍，讨论它们是如何表现的，并探索克服这些障碍的方法。希望本文能作为动物权益倡导者的指南，以确定个人所处的阶段，并理解和克服他们在前进过程中可能面临的社会和心理障碍。我们认为，虽然许多人对动物养殖中蕴含的残酷行为一无所知，但也有许多人故意回避思考这个问题，无法认识到问题的严重性，并且往往倾向于维持现状。在涉及农场动物遭受痛苦的问题时，肉食者很大程度上受到认知失调的驱动，这种失调表现为旨在保护自己和社会形象的动机性推理。这受到证实性偏差和迎合肉食受众偏好观点的同谋媒体的推动。即使一旦确信了素食主义，习惯和意志力也会对按照这些信念行动构成进一步的障碍。这一切都处于一种物种主义和肉食主义文化的背景下，在这种文化中，肉类消费是正常的，养殖是高尚的，而素食者是“异类”。我们在跨理论模型的各个阶段中找出并阐明这些偏差，并讨论该模型对动物权益倡导者以及进一步研究的意义。
