Soleymani Safoura, Tavassoli Amin, Housaindokht Mohammad Reza
Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Comput Biol Med. 2022 Jan;140:105057. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105057. Epub 2021 Nov 24.
Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Numerous conventional vaccines, especially live attenuated, inactivated (killed) microorganisms and subunit vaccines, lead to an effective induction of protective immune responses, mainly antibody-mediated responses against pathogens. However, it has become known that a wide range of highly dangerous pathogens are uncontrollable via conventional vaccination strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, genetics, biochemistry, and bioinformatics have provided new prospects for vaccine development. As a result of these advances, several new strategies for vaccine design, development, and production have appeared. These strategies show advantages over conventional vaccines. In this review, we discuss some of the major novel approaches, including recombinant protein vaccines, live recombinant viral and bacterial vectors, DNA and RNA vaccines, reverse vaccinology and reverse genetics approaches. Moreover, we have described the recent progresses on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches for identifying, designing, and developing new candidate vaccines.
疫苗接种仍然是预防和控制传染病最有效的策略。许多传统疫苗，特别是减毒活疫苗、灭活（死）微生物疫苗和亚单位疫苗，能有效诱导保护性免疫反应，主要是针对病原体的抗体介导反应。然而，众所周知，许多高度危险的病原体无法通过传统疫苗接种策略得到控制。分子生物学、免疫学、遗传学、生物化学和生物信息学的最新进展为疫苗开发提供了新的前景。由于这些进展，出现了几种新的疫苗设计、开发和生产策略。这些策略比传统疫苗具有优势。在本综述中，我们讨论了一些主要的新方法，包括重组蛋白疫苗、重组活病毒和细菌载体、DNA和RNA疫苗、反向疫苗学和反向遗传学方法。此外，我们还描述了用于识别、设计和开发新候选疫苗的计算工具和免疫信息学方法的最新进展。
