Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.
Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Department of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.
Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2022 May;7(5):480-490. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.009. Epub 2021 Nov 27.
Converging evidence from clinical and preclinical studies suggests that fetal vulnerability to adverse prenatal exposures increases the risk for neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. Recent advances in fetal magnetic resonance imaging have allowed us to characterize typical fetal brain growth trajectories in vivo and to interrogate structural and functional alterations associated with intrauterine exposures, such as maternal stress, environmental toxins, drugs, and obesity. Here, we review proposed mechanisms for how prenatal influences disrupt neurodevelopment, including the role played by maternal and fetal inflammatory responses. We summarize insights from magnetic resonance imaging research in fetuses, highlight recent discoveries in normative fetal development using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques (i.e., three-dimensional volumetry, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, placental diffusion imaging, and functional imaging), and discuss how baseline trajectories are shaped by prenatal exposures.
越来越多的临床和临床前研究证据表明，胎儿对不良产前暴露的易感性增加了患神经精神疾病的风险，如自闭症谱系障碍、精神分裂症和抑郁症。胎儿磁共振成像的最新进展使我们能够在体内描述典型的胎儿大脑生长轨迹，并探究与宫内暴露相关的结构和功能改变，如母体应激、环境毒素、药物和肥胖。在这里，我们综述了产前影响破坏神经发育的机制，包括母体和胎儿炎症反应的作用。我们总结了磁共振成像在胎儿中的研究结果，强调了使用定量磁共振成像技术（即三维体积测量、质子磁共振波谱、胎盘扩散成像和功能成像）在正常胎儿发育方面的最新发现，并讨论了基线轨迹是如何受到产前暴露的影响的。
