Fuhrer Joffrey, Cova Florian, Gauvrit Nicolas, Dieguez Sebastian
Department of Philosophy, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Department of Psychology, University of Lille, Lille, France.
Front Psychol. 2021 Nov 11;12:732666. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732666. eCollection 2021.
Some people publicly pretend to be experts while not being ones. They are pseudoexperts, and their presence seems to be ubiquitous in the current cultural landscape. This manuscript explores the nature and mechanisms of pseudoexpertise. We first provide a conceptual analysis of pseudoexperts based on prototypical cases of pseudoexpertise and recent philosophical work on the concept of expertise. This allows us to propose a definition that captures real-world cases of pseudoexpertise, distinguishes it from related but different concepts such as pseudoscience, and highlights what is wrong with pseudoexpertise. Next, based on this conceptual analysis, we propose a framework for further research on pseudoexpertise, built on relevant empirical and theoretical approaches to cultural cognition. We provide exploratory answers to three questions: why is there pseudoexpertise at all; how can pseudoexperts be successful despite not being experts; and what becomes of pseudoexperts in the long run. Together, these conceptual and theoretical approaches to pseudoexpertise draw a preliminary framework from which to approach the very troubling problem posed by persons usurping the capacities and reputations of genuine experts.
有些人明明不是专家却在公众面前装作是专家。他们是伪专家，在当前的文化环境中，他们似乎无处不在。本文探讨了伪专业知识的本质和机制。我们首先基于伪专业知识的典型案例以及近期关于专业知识概念的哲学著作，对伪专家进行概念分析。这使我们能够提出一个定义，该定义涵盖了现实世界中的伪专业知识案例，将其与诸如伪科学等相关但不同的概念区分开来，并突出了伪专业知识的问题所在。接下来，基于这一概念分析，我们提出了一个关于伪专业知识进一步研究的框架，该框架建立在文化认知的相关实证和理论方法之上。我们对三个问题提供了探索性答案：为什么会有伪专业知识；伪专家尽管不是专家却如何能够成功；以及从长远来看伪专家会怎样。总之，这些关于伪专业知识的概念和理论方法勾勒出了一个初步框架，借此可以处理由那些篡夺真正专家能力和声誉的人所带来的非常棘手的问题。
