Budeguer Florencia, Enrique Ramón, Perera María Francisca, Racedo Josefina, Castagnaro Atilio Pedro, Noguera Aldo Sergio, Welin Bjorn
Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA), Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Las Talitas, Argentina.
Centro Cientifico Tecnológico (CCT) CONICET NOA Sur, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Nov 11;12:768609. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768609. eCollection 2021.
Sugarcane ( spp.) is a tropical and sub-tropical, vegetative-propagated crop that contributes to approximately 80% of the sugar and 40% of the world's biofuel production. Modern sugarcane cultivars are highly polyploid and aneuploid hybrids with extremely large genomes (>10 Gigabases), that have originated from artificial crosses between the two species, and . . The genetic complexity and low fertility of sugarcane under natural growing conditions make traditional breeding improvement extremely laborious, costly and time-consuming. This, together with its vegetative propagation, which allows for stable transfer and multiplication of transgenes, make sugarcane a good candidate for crop improvement through genetic engineering. Genetic transformation has the potential to improve economically important properties in sugarcane as well as diversify sugarcane beyond traditional applications, such as sucrose production. Traits such as herbicide, disease and insect resistance, improved tolerance to cold, salt and drought and accumulation of sugar and biomass have been some of the areas of interest as far as the application of transgenic sugarcane is concerned. Although there have been much interest in developing transgenic sugarcane there are only three officially approved varieties for commercialization, all of them expressing insect-resistance and recently released in Brazil. Since the early 1990's, different genetic transformation systems have been successfully developed in sugarcane, including electroporation, and biobalistics. However, genetic transformation of sugarcane is a very laborious process, which relies heavily on intensive and sophisticated tissue culture and plant generation procedures that must be optimized for each new genotype to be transformed. Therefore, it remains a great technical challenge to develop an efficient transformation protocol for any sugarcane variety that has not been previously transformed. Additionally, once a transgenic event is obtained, molecular studies required for a commercial release by regulatory authorities, which include transgene insertion site, number of transgenes and gene expression levels, are all hindered by the genomic complexity and the lack of a complete sequenced reference genome for this crop. The objective of this review is to summarize current techniques and state of the art in sugarcane transformation and provide information on existing and future sugarcane improvement by genetic engineering.
甘蔗（甘蔗属）是一种热带和亚热带的营养繁殖作物，其产量约占全球食糖的80%和生物燃料的40%。现代甘蔗品种是高度多倍体和非整倍体杂种，基因组极大（>100亿碱基对），起源于两个物种，即 和 之间的人工杂交。甘蔗在自然生长条件下的遗传复杂性和低育性使得传统育种改良极其费力、成本高昂且耗时。再加上其营养繁殖方式能够实现转基因的稳定转移和增殖，这使得甘蔗成为通过基因工程改良作物的理想选择。基因转化有潜力改善甘蔗的重要经济性状，并使甘蔗的应用超越传统用途，如蔗糖生产。就转基因甘蔗的应用而言，诸如抗除草剂、抗病和抗虫、提高对寒冷、盐分和干旱的耐受性以及糖分和生物量的积累等性状一直是人们关注的领域。尽管人们对培育转基因甘蔗很感兴趣，但目前只有三个官方批准商业化种植的品种，均表达抗虫性状，且最近在巴西发布。自20世纪90年代初以来，已成功开发出多种甘蔗遗传转化系统，包括电穿孔法、 以及生物弹道法。然而，甘蔗的遗传转化是一个非常费力的过程，严重依赖密集且复杂的组织培养和植株再生程序，并且必须针对每个要转化的新基因型进行优化。因此，为任何未经过转化的甘蔗品种开发高效的转化方案仍然是一项巨大的技术挑战。此外，一旦获得转基因事件，监管机构批准商业化所需的分子研究，包括转基因插入位点、转基因数量和基因表达水平等，都会因该作物基因组的复杂性以及缺乏完整测序的参考基因组而受到阻碍。本综述的目的是总结甘蔗转化的当前技术和最新进展，并提供有关通过基因工程实现现有和未来甘蔗改良的信息。
