The cardiovascular manifestations of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

In conclusion, systemic sclerosis is both a fascinating and frustrating affliction. It is a systemic disease of multiple stages. Prognosis is dependent on the site and extent of visceral involvement. There is evidence to implicate the vascular system as the primary target organ of the disease. The cardiovascular manifestations include myocardial fibrosis, pericarditis, and a variety of arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. Intractable heart failure or sudden cardiac death can ensue. Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis portends an ominous prognosis, and is probably most directly related to the extent of myocardial fibrosis which is present. The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis has not been determined, but it appears to be a result of an impairment of myocardial perfusion at both the small artery and microvasculature level. Obstructive, vasospastic, and devascularization factors all may be playing a role.