Friedrich Frank, Farrell Brian D, Beutel Rolf G
Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Cladistics. 2009 Feb;25(1):1-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00233.x. Epub 2008 Nov 28.
Thoracic structures of Tetraphalerus bruchi are described in detail. The results were compared with features found in other representatives of Archostemata and other coleopteran suborders. Differences between thoracic structures of Tetraphalerus and members of other archostematan subgroups are discussed. External and internal characters of larval and adult representatives of 37 genera of the coleopteran suborders are outlined, coded and analysed cladistically, with four groups of Neuropterida as outgroup taxa. The results strongly suggest the branching pattern Archostemata + [Adephaga + (Myxophaga + Polyphaga)]. Coleoptera excluding Archostemata are supported with a high Bremer support. Important evolutionary changes linked with this branching event are simplifications of the thoracic skeleton resulting in reduced degrees of freedom (i.e. a restricted movability, especially at the leg bases), and a distinct simplification of the muscle system. This development culminates in Polyphaga, which are also strongly supported as a clade. Internalization of the partly reduced propleura, further muscle losses, and the fusion of the mesoventrites and metaventrites-with reversal in Scirtoidea and Derodontidae-are autapomorphies of Polyphaga. Archostemata is a small relict group in contrast to highly successful xylobiontic groups of Polyphaga. The less efficient thoracic locomotor apparatus, the lack of cryptonephric Malpighian tubules, and the rise of angiosperms with beetle groups primarily adjusted to them may have contributed to the decline of Archostemata. © The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
详细描述了布鲁氏四节胸甲的胸部结构。将结果与古多食亚目其他代表以及鞘翅目其他亚目的特征进行了比较。讨论了四节胸甲与其他古多食亚目亚组成员胸部结构的差异。概述了鞘翅目亚目37个属的幼虫和成虫代表的外部和内部特征，进行编码并以四组脉翅目作为外类群进行分支分析。结果有力地表明了分支模式：古多食亚目 + [肉食亚目 + (小多食亚目 + 多食亚目)]。排除古多食亚目的鞘翅目得到了较高的布雷默支持率。与这一分支事件相关的重要进化变化包括胸部骨骼的简化，导致自由度降低（即活动受限，尤其是在腿部基部），以及肌肉系统的明显简化。这种发展在多食亚目中达到顶峰，多食亚目也得到了强有力的分支支持。部分退化的前胸侧板的内化、进一步的肌肉损失以及中胸腹板和后胸腹板的融合——在隐翅虫总科和朽木甲科中出现逆转——是多食亚目的自有衍征。与非常成功的多食亚目树栖类群相比，古多食亚目是一个小型残遗类群。效率较低的胸部运动器官、缺乏隐肾型马氏管以及主要适应它们的甲虫类群中被子植物的兴起，可能导致了古多食亚目的衰落。© 威利·亨尼希协会 2008年。
