Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
Institute for Rural Futures, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2021 Dec;26:100653. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100653. Epub 2021 Oct 6.
Cross-sectional surveys of sheep parasite control practices in Australia were conducted in 2004, 2012 and 2019 to document parasite problems, control practices and measure change over time. This article reports the results pertaining to gastrointestinal nematode infection; comparisons between years are mostly descriptive and not based on statistical inference. There was a general increase in the use of grazing management to prepare clean pastures for sheep to control gastrointestinal nematode infections with the largest increases in the use of: cropping, long acting anthelmintics to prepare clean pastures, feeding strategies, selecting rams for resistance to nematodes, and leaving some sheep untreated. The proportion of respondents using faecal worm egg count monitoring (WEC) and the number of WEC monitors per year were similar in 2003 (weaners: 3.0 WEC/year, adult ewes: 2.6 WEC/year) and 2018 (lambs and weaners and adult ewes both 3.1 WEC/year) but lower in 2011(lambs and weaners: 2.0 WEC/year, adult ewes: 2.9 WEC/year), whilst there was a higher number of anthelmintic treatments given in 2011 than 2003 and 2018 which were similar. There was an increase in the proportion of respondents carrying out WEC monitors themselves from 2011 (21%) to 2018 (30%) and a corresponding reduction in the use of private laboratories, government laboratories and veterinarians with regional differences in who carried out WECs. The top three anthelmintic groups used did not differ between the three survey years with macrocyclic lactones the most used followed by benzimidazoles (BZ) and levamisole (LEV) although the percentage of MLs used in 2011 and 2018 was lower than in 2003 with higher proportions of respondents using BZ and LEV groups in the latter two survey years. Moxidectin was in the most commonly used active in all survey years. There was an increase in the use of combination of anthelmintics from different groups, especially for a combination of three anthelmintics (2003: 4.4%, 2011: 19.1%, 2018: 21.5%), with lower use of single anthelmintics in 2011 (57.0%) and 2018 (55.4%) compared with 2003 (74.5%). The use of testing for anthelmintic resistance was generally low across the survey years with a lower proportion of respondents using tests in 2011 and 2018 than in 2003 (2003:48%, 2011: 29%, 2018: 37%). Time of year, results from WEC and seasonal weather condition were the most important factors when deciding when to apply anthelmintic treatment.
2004 年、2012 年和 2019 年，对澳大利亚的绵羊寄生虫控制实践进行了横断面调查，以记录寄生虫问题、控制实践并衡量随时间的变化。本文报告了与胃肠道线虫感染相关的结果；年份之间的比较主要是描述性的，而不是基于统计推断。使用放牧管理来准备清洁牧场以控制胃肠道线虫感染的情况普遍增加，最大的增加是：作物种植、长效驱虫剂用于准备清洁牧场、饲养策略、选择对线虫具有抗性的公羊，以及不治疗一些绵羊。在 2003 年（断奶羔羊和成年母羊：3.0 次 WEC/年）和 2018 年（羔羊和断奶羔羊以及成年母羊均为 3.1 次 WEC/年），使用粪便虫卵计数监测（WEC）的受访者比例和每年的 WEC 监测器数量相似，但在 2011 年（羔羊和断奶羔羊：2.0 次 WEC/年，成年母羊：2.9 次 WEC/年）较低，而在 2011 年给予的驱虫治疗次数高于 2003 年和 2018 年，而 2018 年和 2003 年相似。进行 WEC 监测的受访者比例从 2011 年（21%）增加到 2018 年（30%），而私人实验室、政府实验室和兽医的使用相应减少，在谁进行 WEC 方面存在地区差异。在这三年的调查中，使用最多的前三种驱虫药组没有差异，大环内酯类药物是最常用的，其次是苯并咪唑类（BZ）和左旋咪唑（LEV），尽管 2011 年和 2018 年使用的 ML 百分比低于 2003 年，后两年使用 BZ 和 LEV 组的比例更高。莫昔克丁在所有调查年份中都是最常用的活性成分。不同组的驱虫药联合使用有所增加，特别是三种驱虫药的联合使用（2003 年：4.4%，2011 年：19.1%，2018 年：21.5%），2011 年（57.0%）和 2018 年（55.4%）单一驱虫药的使用量低于 2003 年（74.5%）。在整个调查年份中，驱虫药耐药性检测的使用通常较低，2011 年和 2018 年使用检测的受访者比例低于 2003 年（2003 年：48%，2011 年：29%，2018 年：37%）。应用驱虫药治疗的最重要因素是时间、WEC 的结果和季节性天气状况。
