Stadler Waltraud, Kraft Veit S, Be'er Roee, Hermsdörfer Joachim, Ishihara Masami
Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Department of Human Sciences (Psychology), Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan.
Front Psychol. 2021 Nov 22;12:733896. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733896. eCollection 2021.
How do athletes represent actions from their sport? How are these representations structured and which knowledge is shared among experts in the same discipline? To address these questions, the event segmentation task was used. Experts in Taekwondo and novices indicated how they would subjectively split videos of Taekwondo form sequences into meaningful units. In previous research, this procedure was shown to unveil the structure of internal action representations and to be affected by sensorimotor knowledge. Without specific instructions on the grain size of segmentation, experts tended to integrate over longer episodes which resulted in a lower number of single units. Moreover, in accordance with studies in figure-skating and basketball, we expected higher agreement among experts on where to place segmentation marks, i.e., boundaries. In line with this hypothesis, significantly more overlap of boundaries was found within the expert group as compared to the control group. This was observed even though the interindividual differences in the selected grain size were huge and expertise had no systematic influence here. The absence of obvious goals or objects to structure Taekwondo forms underlines the importance of shared expert knowledge. Further, experts might have benefited from sensorimotor skills which allowed to simulate the observed actions more precisely. Both aspects may explain stronger agreement among experts even in unfamiliar Taekwondo forms. These interpretations are descriptively supported by the participants' statements about features which guided segmentation and by an overlap of the group's agreed boundaries with those of an experienced referee. The study shows that action segmentation can be used to provide insights into structure and content of action representations specific to experts. The mechanisms underlying shared knowledge among Taekwondoists and among experts in general are discussed on the background of current theoretic frameworks.
运动员如何展现其运动项目中的动作？这些展现是如何构建的，同一学科的专家之间共享哪些知识？为回答这些问题，研究采用了事件分割任务。跆拳道专家和新手指出他们会如何主观地将跆拳道套路序列视频分割成有意义的单元。在先前的研究中，该程序被证明能揭示内部动作表征的结构，并受感觉运动知识的影响。在没有关于分割粒度的具体指示的情况下，专家倾向于在较长的片段上进行整合，这导致单个单元的数量较少。此外，与花样滑冰和篮球的研究一致，我们预计专家们在分割标记（即边界）的位置上会有更高的一致性。与这一假设相符，与对照组相比，专家组内边界的重叠明显更多。即便所选粒度的个体差异很大且专业知识在此没有系统影响，仍观察到了这种情况。跆拳道套路缺乏明显的目标或物体来构建，这凸显了共享专家知识的重要性。此外，专家可能受益于感觉运动技能，这些技能使他们能够更精确地模拟所观察到的动作。这两个方面都可以解释为什么即使在不熟悉的跆拳道套路中，专家之间的一致性也更强。参与者关于指导分割的特征的陈述以及小组商定的边界与经验丰富的裁判的边界的重叠，从描述性角度支持了这些解释。该研究表明，动作分割可用于深入了解专家特有的动作表征的结构和内容。本文在当前理论框架的背景下讨论了跆拳道运动员以及一般专家之间共享知识的潜在机制。
