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行动中的目标偏差:成年人在事件中感知到的边界与行动者意图的位置一致。

A goal bias in action: The boundaries adults perceive in events align with sites of actor intent.

作者信息

Levine Dani, Hirsh-Pasek Kathy, Pace Amy, Michnick Golinkoff Roberta

机构信息

Department of Psychology, Temple University.

School of Education, University of Delaware.

出版信息

J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2017 Jun;43(6):916-927. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000364. Epub 2017 Jan 12.

Abstract

We live in a dynamic world comprised of continuous events. Remembering our past and predicting future events, however, requires that we segment these ongoing streams of information in a consistent manner. How is this segmentation achieved? This research examines whether the boundaries adults perceive in events, such as the Olympic figure skating routine used in these studies, align with the beginnings (sources) and endings (goals) of human goal-directed actions. Study 1 showed that a group of experts, given an explicit task with unlimited time to rewatch the event, identified the same subevents as one another, but with greater agreement as to the timing of goals than sources. In Study 2, experts, novices familiarized with the figure skating sequence, and unfamiliarized novices performed an online event segmentation task, marking boundaries as the video progressed in real time. The online boundaries of all groups corresponded with the sources and goals offered by Study 1's experts, with greater alignment of goals than sources. Additionally, expertise, but not mere perceptual familiarity, boosted the alignment of sources and goals. Finally, Study 3, which presented novices with the video played in reverse, indicated, unexpectedly, that even when spatiotemporal cues were disrupted, viewers' perceived event boundaries still aligned with their perception of the actors' intended sources and goals. This research extends the goal bias to event segmentation, and suggests that our spontaneous sensitivity toward goals may allow us to transform even relatively complex and unfamiliar event streams into structured and meaningful representations. (PsycINFO Database Record

摘要

我们生活在一个由连续事件组成的动态世界中。然而,要记住我们的过去并预测未来事件,就需要我们以一致的方式对这些持续不断的信息流进行分割。这种分割是如何实现的呢?本研究考察成年人在事件中感知到的边界,比如本研究中使用的奥运会花样滑冰比赛流程,是否与人类目标导向行为的起点(来源)和终点(目标)一致。研究1表明,一组专家在有无限时间重新观看事件的明确任务下,彼此识别出相同的子事件,但在目标时间上的一致性高于来源时间。在研究2中,专家、熟悉花样滑冰序列的新手和不熟悉的新手进行了一项在线事件分割任务,随着视频实时推进标记边界。所有组的在线边界都与研究1中专家提供的来源和目标一致,目标的一致性高于来源。此外,专业知识而非仅仅是感知上的熟悉程度,提高了来源和目标的一致性。最后,研究3让新手观看倒放的视频,结果意外地发现,即使时空线索被打乱,观众感知到的事件边界仍然与他们对演员预期来源和目标的感知一致。本研究将目标偏差扩展到事件分割,并表明我们对目标的自发敏感性可能使我们能够将即使相对复杂和不熟悉的事件流转化为结构化且有意义的表征。(PsycINFO数据库记录)

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