Munir Ans, Youssef Fadia S, Ishtiaq Saiqa, Kamran Sairah H, Sirwi Alaa, Ahmed Safwat A, Ashour Mohamed L, Elhady Sameh S
Department of Phrmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
Polymers (Basel). 2021 Dec 3;13(23):4251. doi: 10.3390/polym13234251.
L. is an edible and medicinal herb containing mucilaginous cells in its leaves. Mucilage obtained from leaves (MLM) was extracted in distilled water (1:10 /) at 70 °C followed by precipitation with alcohol. Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed to assess the purity of the extracted mucilage. Results showed that the yield of mucilage was 7.50%, and it was free from starch, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, lipids and heavy metals. MLM had 16.19% carbohydrates, 13.55% proteins and 4.76% amino acids, which indicate its high nutritional value. Physicochemical investigations showed that MLM is neutral and water-soluble, having 5.84% moisture content, 15.60% ash content, 12.33 swelling index, 2.57 g/g water-holding capacity and 2.03 g/g oil-binding capacity. The functional properties, including emulsion capacity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity and stability increased with increased concentrations. Micromeritic properties, such as bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose, were found to be 0.69 g/cm, 0.84 g/cm, 17.86%, 1.22 and 28.5, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that MLM is an amorphous powder possessing particles of varying size and shape; meanwhile, rheological studies revealed the pseudoplastic behavior of MLM. The thermal transition process of MLM revealed by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram, occurring at a reasonable enthalpy change (∆H), reflects its good thermal stability. The presence of functional groups characteristic of polysaccharides was ascertained by the infrared (IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. GC revealed the presence of five neutral monosaccharides; namely, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucose and mannose, showing 51.09, 10.24, 8.90, 1.80 and 0.90 mg/g of MLM, respectively. Meanwhile, galacturonic acid is the only detected acidic monosaccharide, forming 15.06 mg/g of MLM. It showed noticeable antioxidant activity against the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical with an IC value of 154.27 µg/mL. It also prevented oxidative damage to DNA caused by the Fenton reagent, as visualized in gel documentation system. The sun protection factor was found to be 10.93 ± 0.15 at 400 µg/mL. Thus, MLM can be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and as a therapeutic agent due to its unique properties.
L. 是一种可食用且具有药用价值的草本植物，其叶子中含有黏液细胞。从叶子中提取的黏液（MLM）在70℃下于蒸馏水中（1:10 /）提取，随后用酒精沉淀。进行了初步的植物化学测试以评估提取的黏液的纯度。结果表明，黏液的产率为7.50%，且不含淀粉、生物碱、糖苷、皂苷、类固醇、脂质和重金属。MLM含有16.19%的碳水化合物、13.55%的蛋白质和4.76%的氨基酸，这表明其具有很高的营养价值。物理化学研究表明，MLM呈中性且可溶于水，水分含量为5.84%，灰分含量为15.60%，膨胀指数为12.33，持水能力为2.57 g/g，持油能力为2.03 g/g。其功能特性，包括乳化能力、乳化稳定性、发泡能力和稳定性随浓度增加而增强。发现其微粉特性，如堆密度、振实密度、卡尔指数、豪斯纳比和休止角分别为0.69 g/cm、0.84 g/cm、17.86%、1.22和28.5。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示MLM是一种无定形粉末，具有大小和形状各异的颗粒；同时，流变学研究揭示了MLM的假塑性行为。差示扫描量热法（DSC）热谱图显示的MLM的热转变过程在合理的焓变（∆H）下发生，反映了其良好的热稳定性。通过红外（IR）和气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）分析确定了多糖特征官能团的存在。气相色谱显示存在五种中性单糖；即半乳糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖，在MLM中的含量分别为51.09、10.24、8.90、1.80和0.90 mg/g。同时，半乳糖醛酸是唯一检测到的酸性单糖，在MLM中的含量为15.06 mg/g。它对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基表现出显著的抗氧化活性，IC值为154.27 µg/mL。如在凝胶成像系统中所见，它还能防止芬顿试剂对DNA造成的氧化损伤。在400 µg/mL时，防晒系数为10.93±0.15。因此，由于其独特的性质，MLM可用于食品、化妆品和制药行业，并作为一种治疗剂。
