Nazimek Katarzyna, Bryniarski Krzysztof
Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Nov 24;9:790722. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790722. eCollection 2021.
Due to their exceptional properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention as next generation biotherapeutics and vehicles for drug delivery. However, despite having many advantages over cell-based therapies, EVs usually exert lower therapeutic efficacy. This results from a number of hurdles that are faced by the EV-based approaches. Administered EVs could be rapidly cleared by the mononuclear phagocytes as well as can randomly distribute within various tissues, making tissue penetration and cell targeting insufficient. However, recent research findings imply that these limitations could be overcome with the use of antigen-specific antibodies and light chains. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing EVs have been shown to form aggregates after co-incubation with antigen-specific antibodies, which greatly enhanced their biological efficacy. On the other hand, EVs could be coated with antibody light chains of chosen specificity to direct them towards desired target cell population. Both findings open up a promising perspective to achieve the highest efficacy of the EV-based approaches. Herein we discuss the opportunities for enhancing extracellular vesicle's biological activity by using specific antibodies and light chains in the context of the challenges faced by such therapeutic approach.
由于其卓越的特性，细胞外囊泡（EVs）作为下一代生物治疗药物和药物递送载体受到了特别关注。然而，尽管与基于细胞的疗法相比有许多优势，但EVs通常发挥的治疗效果较低。这是由基于EVs的方法所面临的一些障碍导致的。注入的EVs可能会被单核吞噬细胞迅速清除，并且会随机分布在各种组织中，导致组织穿透和细胞靶向不足。然而，最近的研究结果表明，使用抗原特异性抗体和轻链可以克服这些限制。已显示表达主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）II类的EVs在与抗原特异性抗体共同孵育后会形成聚集体，这大大增强了它们的生物学功效。另一方面，可以用选定特异性的抗体轻链包被EVs，使其靶向所需的靶细胞群体。这两个发现为实现基于EVs方法的最高功效开辟了一个有前景的前景。在此，我们在这种治疗方法面临的挑战背景下，讨论通过使用特异性抗体和轻链增强细胞外囊泡生物活性的机会。
