Imaging the effective networks associated with cortical function through intracranial high-frequency stimulation.

Direct electrical stimulation (DES) is considered to be the gold standard for mapping cortical function. A careful mapping of the eloquent cortex is key to successful resective or ablative surgeries, with a minimal postoperative deficit, for treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that not only local, but also remote activations play an equally important role in evoking clinical effects. By introducing a new intracranial stimulation paradigm and signal analysis methodology allowing to disambiguate EEG responses from stimulation artifacts we highlight the spatial extent of the networks associated with clinical effects. Our study includes 26 patients that underwent stereoelectroencephalographic investigations for drug-resistant epilepsy, having 337 depth electrodes with 4,351 contacts sampling most brain structures. The routine high-frequency electrical stimulation protocol for eloquent cortex mapping was altered in a subtle way, by alternating the polarity of the biphasic pulses in a train, causing the splitting the spectral lines of the artifactual components, exposing the underlying tissue response. By performing a frequency-domain analysis of the EEG responses during DES we were able to capture remote activations and highlight the effect's network. By using standard intersubject averaging and a fine granularity HCP-MMP parcellation, we were able to create local and distant connectivity maps for 614 stimulations evoking specific clinical effects. The clinical value of such maps is not only for a better understanding of the extent of the effects' networks guiding the invasive exploration, but also for understanding the spatial patterns of seizure propagation given the timeline of the seizure semiology.