Lawrence Rebecca K, Pratt Jay
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia.
The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2022 Jan;84(1):89-100. doi: 10.3758/s13414-021-02406-x. Epub 2021 Dec 14.
Attention is often captured by irrelevant but salient changes in the environment, and usually results in slowed search speeds and increased errors during a typical visual search task. Nonetheless, a recent study conducted by Moher (2020, Psychological Science, 31[1], 31-42) found that the effect of a highly salient distractor on visual search depended on whether or not a target was also present in the display. While the distractor slowed search and increased errors for target-present trials, it speeded search for target-absent trials. Here, we aimed to replicate this finding and explore a potential boundary condition to the effect by manipulating the overall salience of the distractor. We did this by changing the size of the distractor to make it more or less salient. In Experiment, participants conducted a target-present and target-absent visual search task in the presence of a large, delayed-onset color distractor similar to that used in Moher's Study. In Experiment 2, a distractor that was much smaller than that used in the original Moher study was utilized. Critically, when a large distractor was used, the original findings of Moher were largely replicated; large salient distractors speeded target-absent visual search and increased errors for target-present visual search. However, when a smaller distractor was used, the results differed. For target-absent trials, search speeds were slower when the distractor was present compared with when it was absent. Thus, it appears that a highly salient distractor might be needed to trigger a shift in visual search strategy, and subsequently, lower quitting thresholds.
注意力常常会被环境中无关但显著的变化所吸引,这通常会导致在典型的视觉搜索任务中搜索速度减慢和错误增加。尽管如此,莫赫尔(2020年,《心理科学》,31[1],31 - 42)最近进行的一项研究发现,高度显著的干扰项对视觉搜索的影响取决于显示中是否也存在目标。对于有目标的试验,干扰项会减慢搜索速度并增加错误,但对于无目标的试验,它会加快搜索速度。在此,我们旨在重复这一发现,并通过操纵干扰项的整体显著性来探索该效应的一个潜在边界条件。我们通过改变干扰项的大小使其或多或少更显著来做到这一点。在实验1中,参与者在存在一个类似于莫赫尔研究中使用的大的、延迟出现的颜色干扰项的情况下进行有目标和无目标的视觉搜索任务。在实验2中,使用了一个比莫赫尔原始研究中使用的干扰项小得多的干扰项。关键的是,当使用大的干扰项时,莫赫尔的原始发现得到了很大程度的重复;大的显著干扰项加快了无目标视觉搜索的速度,并增加了有目标视觉搜索的错误。然而,当使用较小的干扰项时,结果有所不同。对于无目标的试验,与没有干扰项时相比,有干扰项时的搜索速度更慢。因此,似乎可能需要一个高度显著的干扰项来触发视觉搜索策略的转变,进而降低退出阈值。