National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Department of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food, Warsaw, Poland.
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2021;72(4):393-401. doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2021.0190.
About 7 million people in Poland receive pensions. The amount of benefits paid to pensioners is reflected in the income at their households and expenses, including food expenses.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the dietary patterns of Polish seniors in the retirees` households on the basis of an analysis of food consumption and energy and nutrient intake.
Food consumption evaluation was based on household budget survey conducted by Statistics Poland in 2019 throughout the whole country. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using the conversion factors.
The consumption of unprocessed red meat in retirees' households was 1.83 kg/person/month, meat products - 2.90 kg and kitchen salt - 0.24 kg. 6.52 kg of vegetables and 5.99 kg of fruit were consumed per person per month. The mean energy intake in members of these households was 2387 kcal/day. The proportion of energy from fat was high - 36.6%. 14.2% of energy was derived from protein and 49.6% from digestible carbohydrates. The share of animal fat (55.0 g) was higher than vegetable fat (43.7 g). It was associated with a high percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids - 13.4%. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was less than half of the saturated fatty acids. Calcium and vitamin D intake was low (658 mg and 3.8 μg respectively).
Red meat, processed meat and salt consumption by seniors was too high in relation to the nutritional recommendations. Vegetables and fruit were consumed in amounts that are recommended. Seniors diet was improperly balanced, e.g. due to the high percentage of energy from fat, including saturated fatty acids. However, the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was low. Calcium and vitamin D intake was lower than Reference Intakes.
波兰约有 700 万人领取养老金。领取养老金者的福利金额反映在家庭收入和支出中，包括食品支出。
本研究旨在根据对食物消费以及能量和营养素摄入的分析，评估波兰退休人员家庭中老年人的饮食模式。
食品消费评估基于波兰统计局于 2019 年在全国范围内进行的家庭预算调查。能量和营养素摄入使用转换系数进行计算。
退休人员家庭中未加工的红肉消费为 1.83 公斤/人/月，肉类制品为 2.90 公斤，厨房用盐为 0.24 公斤。每月人均消费 6.52 公斤蔬菜和 5.99 公斤水果。这些家庭中成员的平均能量摄入量为 2387 千卡/天。脂肪提供的能量比例较高，为 36.6%。蛋白质提供 14.2%的能量，可消化碳水化合物提供 49.6%的能量。动物脂肪（55.0 克）的比例高于植物脂肪（43.7 克）。这与饱和脂肪酸能量百分比高（13.4%）有关。多不饱和脂肪酸的含量不到饱和脂肪酸的一半。钙和维生素 D 的摄入量较低（分别为 658 毫克和 3.8 微克）。
与营养建议相比，老年人对红肉、加工肉类和盐的消费过高。蔬菜和水果的摄入量符合推荐量。老年人的饮食不均衡，例如，由于脂肪，包括饱和脂肪酸提供的能量百分比高。然而，多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入量较低。钙和维生素 D 的摄入量低于参考摄入量。
